Monoclonal antibody and its use in the diagnosis of livestock diseases
Rajib Deb, Sandip Chakraborty, Belamaranahlly Veeregowda, Amit Kumar Verma, Ruchi Tiwari, Kuldeep Dhama
Animal Resource Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala, India.
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India.
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India.
Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.
Scientist, Division of Animal Genetics & Breeding, Project Directorate on Cattle (ICAR), Meerut, India.
Veterinary College, Bengaluru, India.
DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.44A008   PDF    HTML   XML   8,209 Downloads   16,169 Views   Citations

Abstract

Since the discovery of hybridoma cells by Kohler and Milstein, the uses of monoclonal antibody (mAb), the protein produced by such cells are in vogue. Such antibodies with single isotype have higher specificity, and the serological tests employed in show higher reproducibility compared to those with use of polyclonal antisera. There are several procedures of mAb production which vary considerably but the principle remains the same which states that antigens introduced into animals generally result in the stimulation of lymphocytes, some of which produce antibody of only one type, although the isotype may change. The developments in the field of cell culture and transfection technology have lead to the production of improved qualities of mAbs. In general, monoclonal antibodies are important reagents used in biomedical research, such as, in the field of diagnostics and therapeutics as well as targeted drug delivery systems. They have got importance not only for infectious diseases caused by microbes and parasites, but also for cancer, metabolic and hormonal disorders, in the diagnosis of lymphoid and myeloid malignancies and tissue typing, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (especially blocking ELISA), radio immunoassay (RIA), serotyping of pathogens and their immunological intervention with passive antibody, anti-idiotype inhibition or magic bullet therapy with cytotoxic agents coupled with antimouse specific antibody. The application of mAbs in diagnosis of various livestock diseases is an important area of concern as these diseases are a major and increasingly important factor reducing livestock productivity in various parts of the world. In this context, the application of mAbs for diagnosis of important bacterial diseases viz., Anthrax, Brucellosis, Paratuberculosis, Leptospirosis, Listeriosis, Clostridial infections and Mycoplasmosis (CBPP), fungal diseases viz., Zygomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis and Paracoccidiodomycosis, viral diseases viz., Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV), Rota viral diarrhoea, Blue tongue, Rabies, Classical swine fever and re-emerging viral diseases like Hendra and Nipah viral infections and parasitic diseases viz., dirofilariosis, and Trichinellosis and haemportozoan diseases (including Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Anaplasmosis, infections caused by Plasmodium spp. as well as tick borne diseases) have been discussed thoroughly along with the specifications of the diagnostic assays for each disease for the convenience of the diagnosticians, researchers, scientists and students to employ such assays, both in field and laboratories to strengthen the disease control programme.

Share and Cite:

Deb, R. , Chakraborty, S. , Veeregowda, B. , Verma, A. , Tiwari, R. and Dhama, K. (2013) Monoclonal antibody and its use in the diagnosis of livestock diseases. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 4, 50-62. doi: 10.4236/abb.2013.44A008.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Kohler, G. and Milstein, C. (1975) Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature, 256, 495-497. doi:10.1038/256495a0
[2] Nielsen, K.H., Henning, M.D. and Duncan, J.R. (1986) Monoclonal antibodies in veterinary medicine. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, 4, 311-353. doi:10.1080/02648725.1986.10647831
[3] Fazekas de St Groth, S. and Scheidegger, D. (1980) Production of monoclonal antibodies: Strategy and tactics. Journal of Immunological Methods, 35, 1-21. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(80)90146-5
[4] Prabhakar, B.S., Haspel, M.V. and Notkins, A.L. (1984) Monoclonal antibody techniques applied to viruses. In: Maramorosch, K. and Koprowski, H., Ed., Methods in Virology, Academic Press, New York, 7, 1-18.
[5] Costa, A.R., Rodriguez, M.E., Henriques, M. Azeredo, J. and Oliveira, R. (2010) Guidelines to cell engineering for monoclonal antibody production. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 74, 127-138. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.10.002
[6] Chu, L. and Robinson, D.K. (2001) Industrial choices for protein production by large-scale cell culture. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 12, 180-187. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00197-X
[7] Andersen, D.C. and Reilly, D.E. (2004) Production technologies for monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 15, 456-462. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2004.08.002
[8] Barnes, L.M., Bentley, C.M. and Dickson, A.J. (2000) Advances in animal cell recombinant protein production: GS-NS0 expression system. Cytotechnology, 32, 109- 123. doi:10.1023/A:1008170710003
[9] Jain, E. and Kumar, A. (2008) Upstream processes in antibody production: Evaluation of critical parameters. Biotechnology Advances, 26, 46-71. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.09.004
[10] Das, R.C. (2001) Proteins and antibodies make advances as therapeutic products. American Clinical Laboratory, 20, 10-14.
[11] Li, F., Vijayasankaran, N., Shen, A., Kiss, R. and Amanullah, A. (2010) Cell culture processes for monoclonal antibody production. MAbs, 2, 466-477. doi:10.4161/mabs.2.5.12720
[12] Knowles, D.P. and Gorham, J.R. (1990) Diagnosis of viral and bacterial diseases. Review of Scientific Technology Office des’ International Epizootics, 9, 733-757.
[13] Siddiqui, M.Z. (2010) Monoclonal antibodies as diagnostics; an appraisal. Indian Journal of Pharmacological Science, 72, 12-17. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.62229
[14] Marx, U., Embleton, M.J., Fischer, R., Gruber, F.P., Hansson, U., Heuer, J., de Leeuw, W.A., Logtenberg, T., Merz, W., Portetelle, D., Romette, J.L. and Straughan, D.W. (1997) Monoclonal antibody production. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 231. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 25, 121-137.
[15] Deb, R. and Chakraborty, S. (2012) Trends in veterinary diagnostics. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 3, e103.
[16] Dhama, K., Gowthaman, V. and Singh, S.D. (2010) Animal disease diagnosis and control: The recent trends. Livestock Line, 4, 28-32.
[17] Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. (2012) Anthrax. In: Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. Eds., Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Satish Serial Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 1-7.
[18] Tamborrini, M., Holzer, M., Seeberger, P.H., Schürch, N. and Pluschke, G. (2010) Anthrax spore detection by a Luminex assay based on monoclonal antibodies that recognize anthrose-containing oligosaccharides. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 17, 1446-1451. doi:10.1128/CVI.00205-10
[19] Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. (2012) Brucellosis. In: Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A., Eds., Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Satish Serial Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 7-15.
[20] Kumar, N., Pal, B.C., Yadav, S.K., Verma, A.K., Jain, U. and Yadav, G. (2009) Prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Veterinary Public Health, 7, 129-131.
[21] Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (2001) Brucellosis in sheep and goats (Brucella melitensis). European commission health and consumer protection directorate-general, management of scientific health committees, scientific co-operation and networks. Veterinary Forum for South-East Europe, Vienna.
[22] Douglas, J.T. and Palmer, D.A. (1988) Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify the distribution of A and M epitopes on smooth Brucella species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26, 1353-1356.
[23] Marín, C.M., Moreno, E., Moriyón, I., Díaz, R. and Blasco, J.M. (1999) Performance of competitive and indirect ELISAs, gel immunoprecipitation with Native Hapten Polysaccharide and standard serological tests in diagnosis of sheep brucellosis. Clinical Diagnostics and Laboratory Immunology, 6, 269-272.
[24] Greenlee, M.T., Farrar, J.A., Hird, D.W. and Holmes, J.C. (1994) Comparison of particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay to card complement fixation tests using isolation of Brucella abortus as the standard. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostics and Investigation, 6, 182-187. doi:10.1177/104063879400600208
[25] Tibor, A., Saman, E., Wergifosse (De), P., Cloeckaert, A., Limet, J. N. and Letesson, J. J. (1996) Molecular characterization, occurrence, and immunogenicity in infected sheep and cattle of two minor outer membrane proteins of Brucella abortus. Infection and Immunology, 64, 100- 107.
[26] Cloeckaert, A., Debbarh, H.S.A., Vizcaíno, N., Saman, E., Dubray, G. and Zygmunt, M. S. (1996) Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the Brucella melitensis bp26 gene coding for a protein immunogenic in infected sheep. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 140, 139-144. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08327.x
[27] Cloeckaert, A., Debbarh, H.S.A., Zygmunt, M.S. and Dubray, G. (1996) Production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to B. melitensis cytosoluble proteins that are able to differentiate antibody responses of infected sheep from Rev.1 vaccinated sheep. Journal of Mediacl Microbiology, 45, 206-213.
[28] Debbarh, H.S.A., Zygmunt, M., Dubray, G. and Cloeckaert, A. (1996) Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies to the B. melitensis BP26 protein to evaluate antibody responses in infected and B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccinated sheep. Veterinary Microbiology, 53, 325-337. doi:10.1016/S0378-1135(96)01265-5
[29] Deb, R., Saxena, V. K. and Goswami, P. P. (2011) Diagnostic tools against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in animals: A review. Agricultural Review, 32, 46-54.
[30] Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. (2012) Leptospirosis. In: Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A., Eds., Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Satish Serial Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 37-42.
[31] Surujballi, O., Henning, D., Marenger, R. and Howlett, C. (1997) Development of a monoclonal-antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjobovis antibodies in bovine sera. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 267-274.
[32] Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. (2012) Listeriosis. In: Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Satish Serial Publishing House. 42-47.
[33] AOAC Official Method 994.03. (2000) Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products, seafoods, and meats. Colorimetric monoclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (listeria-tek). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. In: Horwitz W. Ed., Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, Volume I, Agricultural Chemicals, Contaminants, Drugs, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, 150-152.
[34] Gouws, P.A. and Liedemann, I. (2005) Evaluation of diagnostic PCR for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 43, 201-205.
[35] Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. (2012) Clostridial infections. In: Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Satish Serial Publishing House, 47-55.
[36] Brooks, C.E., Clarke, H.J., Finlay, D.A., McConnell, W., Graham, D.A. and Ball, H.J. (2010) Culture enrichment assists the diagnosis of cattle botulism by a monoclonal antibody based sandwich ELISA. Veterinary Microbiology, 144, 226-230. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.030
[37] Abdo, E.-M., Nicolet, J. and Frey, J. (2000) Antigenic and genetic characterisation of lipoprotein LppQ from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Immunology, 7, 588-595.
[38] Saritha, N.S., Veeregowda, B.M., Reddy, G.R., Rathnamma, D., Leena, G., Vinay Kumar, Y.L., Sagar, M. and Nagraja, C.S. (2010) Isolation and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma synoviae from chicken. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 80, 497-499.
[39] Ayling, R.D., Regalla, J. and Nicholas, R.A.J. (1999) A field test for detecting antibodies to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type using the latex slide agglutination test. In: Stipkovits, L., Rosengarten, R. and Frey, J. Eds., COST 826 Agriculture and Biotechnology. Mycoplasmas of Ruminants: Pathogenicity, Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Vol III, Office for official publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 155-158.
[40] Vanden Bergh, M.F., Verweij, P.E. and Voss, A. (1999) Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections: Invasive aspergillosis and the environment. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 34, 221-227. doi:10.1016/S0732-8893(99)00026-7
[41] Yeo, S.F. and Wong, B. (2002) Current status of nonculture methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. Clinical Microbiology Review, 15, 465-484. doi:10.1128/CMR.15.3.465-484.2002
[42] Martins, T.B., Jaskowski, T.D., Mouritsen, C.L. and Hill, H.R. (1995) Comparison of commercially available enzyme immunoassay with traditional serological tests for detection of antibodies to Coccidioides immitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33, 940-943.
[43] De Repentigny, L. (1992) Serodiagnosis of candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 14, S11-S22. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.Supplement_1.S11
[44] Latge, J.P. (1999) Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clinical Microbiology Review, 12, 310-350.
[45] Stynen, D., Goris, A., Sarfati, J. and Latge, J.P. (1995) A new sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect galactofuran in patients with invasive aspergillosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33, 497-500.
[46] Loeffler, J., Henke, H., Hebart, H., Schmidt, D., Hagmeyer, L., Schumacher, U. and Einsele, H. (2000) Quantification of fungal DNA by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and the light cycle system. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 586-590.
[47] Latge, J.P. (1995). Tools and trends in the detection of Aspergillus fumigatus. Current Topics in Medical Mycology, 6, 245-281.
[48] Jacquinot, P.M., Plancke, Y., Sendid, B., Strecker, G. and Poulain, D. (1998) Nature of Candida albicans-derived carbohydrate antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody in patients sera and distribution over Candida species. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 166, 131-138. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13309.x
[49] Girmenia, C., Martino, P., De Bernardis, F. and Cassone, A. (1997) Assessment of detection of Candida mannoproteinemia as a method to differentiate central venous catheter-related candidemia from invasive disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 903-906.
[50] Marcilla, A., Monteagudo, C., Mormeneo, S. and Sentandreu, R. (1999) Monoclonal antibody 3H8: A useful tool in the diagnosis of candidiasis. Microbiology, 145, 695- 701. doi:10.1099/13500872-145-3-695
[51] Jacquinot, P.M., Plancke, Y., Sendid, B., Strecker, G. and Poulain, D. (1998) Nature of Candida albicans-derived carbohydrate antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody in patients sera and distribution over Candida species. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 166, 131-138. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13309.x
[52] Sendid, B., Tabouret, M., Poirot, J.L., Mathieu, D., Fruit, J. and Poulain, D. (1999) New enzyme immunoassay for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: Useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 1510-1517.
[53] Stynen, D., Sarfati, J., Goris, A., Prtvost, M.C., Lesourd, M., Kamphuis, H., Darras, V., Latge, J.P. (1992) Rat monoclonal antibodies against Aspergillus galactomannan. Infection Immunity, 60, 2237-2245.
[54] Jensen, H.E., Aalbzk, B., Lind, P., Frandsen, P.L., Krogh, H.V. and Stynen, D. (1993) Enzyme immunohistochemistry with mono and polyclonal antibodies in the pathological diagnosis of systemic bovine mycoses. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, 101, 505-516. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1993.tb00140.x
[55] Kiska, D.L., Orkiszewski, D.R., Howell, D. and Gilligan, P.H. (1994) Evaluation of new monoclonal antibody- based latex agglutination test for detection of cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32, 2309-2311.
[56] Durkin, M.M., Connolly, P.A. and Wheat, L.J. (1997) Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay methods for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antigen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 2252-2255.
[57] Wheat, L.J., Connolly-Stringfield, P., Blair, R., Connolly, K., Garringer, T. and Katz, B.P. (1991) Histoplasmosis relapse in patients with AIDS. Detection using Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen levels. American Journal of International Medicine, 115, 936-941.
[58] Wheat, J., Wheat, H., Connolly, P., Kleiman, M., Supparatpinyo, K., Nelson, K., Bradsher, R. and Restrepo, A. (1997) Cross-reactivity in Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen assays of urine samples from patients with endemic mycoses. Clinical Journal of Infectious Diseases, 24, 1169-1171.
[59] Gomez, B.L., Figueroa, J.I., Hamilton, A.J., Diez, S., Rojas, M., Tobon, A.M., Restrepo, A. and Hay, R.J. (1999) Detection of the 70-kilodalton Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum of histoplasmosis patients: Correlation between antigenemia and therapy during follow-up. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 675-680.
[60] Gomez, B.L., Figueroa, J.I., Hamilton, A.J., Ortiz, B., Robledo, M.A., Hay, R.J. and Restrepo, A. (1997). Use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis: New strategies for detection of circulating antigens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 3278-3283.
[61] Gomez, B.L., Figueroa, J.I., Hamilton, A.J., Diez, S., Rojas, M., Tobon, A.M., Hay, R.J. and Restrepo, A. (1998) Antigenemia in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis: Detection of the 87-kilodalton determinant during and after antifungal therapy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 3309-3316.
[62] Sailo, B. and Chakraborty, S. (2012) A brief overview of mastitis and other infectious diseases of cattle in India having public health concern. In: Singh, U., Deb, R., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. Eds., Livestock Update, Satish Serial Publishing House, New Delhi, 91-122.
[63] O’Sullivan, C.A., Joyce, P.J., Sloan, T. and Shattock, A.G. (1992) Capture immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine mastitis using a monoclonal antibody to polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Journal of Dairy Research, 59, 123-133. doi:10.1017/S0022029900030375
[64] Banerjee, K. (1996) Emerging viral infections with special reference to India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 103, 177-200.
[65] Verma, A.K., Pal, B.C., Singh, C.P., Jain, U., Yadav, S.K. and Mahima (2008) Studies of the outbreaks of foot-and- mouth disease in Uttar Pradesh, India, between 2000 and 2006. Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 1, 40-46. doi:10.3923/aje.2008.40.46
[66] Verma, A.K., Sahzad, Mehra, S., Kumar, A. and Yadav, S.K. (2009) LPB elisa based pre- and post-vaccination seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 30, 130-132.
[67] Verma, A.K., Raies, M., Jain, U., Yadav, S.K., Mahima and Pal, B.C. (2010) Differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease infected and vaccinated animals using 3ABC non-structural protein. Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 30, 84-86.
[68] Verma, A.K., Kumar, A., Mahima and Sahzad (2012) Epidemiology and diagnosis of foot and mouth disease: A review. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 82, 543-551.
[69] Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. (2012) Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In: Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Satish Serial Publishing House. 96-112.
[70] Longjam, N., Deb, R., Sarmah, A. K., Tayo, T., Awachat, V. B. and Saxena, V. K. (2011). A brief review on the diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth disease of livestock: Conventional to molecular tools. Veterinary Medicine International, 2011, Article ID: 905768. doi:10.4061/2011/905768
[71] Reid, S. M., Ferris, N. P., Brüning, A., Hutchings, G. H., Kowalska, Z. and Akerbolm, L. (2001) Development of a rapid chromatographic strip test for the pen-side detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen. Journal of Virological Methods, 96, 189-202. doi:10.1016/S0166-0934(01)00334-2
[72] Kiran, K.K., Ravi, P. and Prabhudas, K. (2005) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis national survey of IBR antibodies by AB-ELISA kit. Annual Report of Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, ICAR, Bangalore, 7-10.
[73] Kaashoek, M.J., Moerman, A., Madic, J., Rijsewijk, F.A.M., Quak, J., Gielkens, A.L.J. and Van Oirschot, J.T. (1994) A conventionally attenuated glycoprotein E-negative strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1 is an efficacious and safe vaccine. Vaccine, 12, 439-444. doi:10.1016/0264-410X(94)90122-8
[74] Dhama, K., Chauhan, R.S., Mahesh, M. and Malik, S.V.S. (2009) Rotavirus diarrhea in bovines and other domestic animals. Veterinary Research Communications, 33, 1-23. doi:10.1007/s11259-008-9070-x
[75] Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. (2012) Rota viral diarrhoea. In: Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Satish Serial Publishing House. 119-124.
[76] Jindal, S.R., Maiti, N.K. and Oberoi, M.S. (2000) Genomic diversity and prevalence of Rotavirus in cow and buffalo calves in northern India. Review of Scientific Technology, Office des’ Scientific Technology, 19, 871- 876. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-71-6-1325
[77] White, J.R. and Eaton, B.T. (1990) Conformation of the VP2 protein of blue tongue virus (BTV) determines the involvement in virus neutralization of highly conserved epitopes within the BTV serogroup. Journal of General Virology, 71, 1325-1332.
[78] Hyatt, A.D. and Eaton, B.T. (1988). Ultrastructural distribution of the major capsid proteins within Bluetongue virus and infected cells. Journal of General Virology, 69, 805-815. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-4-805
[79] Blanton, J.D., Palmer, D., Christian, K.A. and Rupprecht, C.E. (2010) Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2009. Journal of the American Veterinary and Medical Association, 237, 646-657. doi:10.2460/javma.237.6.646
[80] Lafon, M., Wiktor, T.J. and MacFarlan, R.I. (1983) Antigenic sites on the CVS Rabies virus glycoprotein: Analysis with monoclonal antibodies. Journal of General Virology, 64, 843-851. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-64-4-843
[81] Benmansour, A., Leblois, H., Coulon, P., Tuffereau, C., Gaudin, Y., Flamand, A. and Lafay, F. (1991) Antigenicity of rabies virus glycoprotein. Journal of Virology, 65, 4198-4203.
[82] Bourhy, H., Kissi, B., Lafon, M., Sacramento, D. and Tordo, N. (1992) Antigenic and molecular characterization of bat rabies virus in Europe. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 30, 2419-2426.
[83] Nadin-Davis, S.A., Sheen, M., Abdel-Malik, M., Elmgren, M., Armstrong, J. and Wandeler, A.I. (2000) A panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the Rabies virus phosphoprotein identifies a highly variable epitope of value for sensitive strain discrimination. Journal of Clinical Micobiology, 38, 1397-1403.
[84] Paton, D.J., Ibata, G., Edwards, S. and Wensvoort, G. (1991) An ELISA detecting antibody to conserved pestivirus epitopes. Journal of Virological Methods, 31, 315- 324. doi:10.1016/0166-0934(91)90169-Z
[85] Chakraborty, S. and Choudhury, S. (2012). Recent trends in the diagnosis of Classical Swine Fever. Advance Tropical Medicine and Public Health International, 2, 61-71.
[86] Wensvoort, G., Terpstra, C., De Kluyver, E.P, Kraghten, C. and Warnaarm, J.C. (1989) Antigenic differentiation of pestivirus strains with monoclonal antibodies against hog cholera virus. Veterinary Microbiology, 21, 9-20. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(89)90014-X
[87] Eaton, B.T., Broder, C.C., Middleton, D. and Wang, L.F. (2006) Hendra and Nipah viruses: Different and dangerous. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 4, 23-35. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1323
[88] Zhu, Z., Bossart, K.N., Bishop, K.A., Crameri, G., Dimitrov, A.S., Mc Eachern, J.A., Feng, Y., Middleton, D., Wang, L.F., Broder, C.C. and Dimitrov, D.S. (2008) Exceptionally potent cross-reactive neutralization of Nipah and Hendra viruses by a human monoclonal antibody. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 197, 846-853. doi:10.1086/528801
[89] Dhama, K., Sawant, P.M., Kumar, D. and Kumar, R. (2011) Diagnostic applications of molecular tools and techniques for important viral diseases of poultry. Poultry World, 5, 32-40.
[90] Kataria, J.M., Madan Mohan, C., Dey, S., Dash, B.B. and Dhama, K. (2005) Diagnosis and immunoprophylaxis of economically important poultry diseases: A Review. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 75, 555-567.
[91] Mohaptra, N., Kataria, J.M., Dhama, K. and Senthil Kumar, N. (2002) Physicochemical and biological characterization of EDS-76 virus isolated from Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 23, 127-135.
[92] Swain, P., Verma, K.C., Kataria, J.M, Mohanty, S.K. and Dhama, K. (1998) Antigenic characterization of Indian isolates and vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Tropical Animal Health and Production, 30, 295- 298. doi:10.1023/A:1005090805362
[93] Swain, P., Dhama, K., Kataria, J.M. and Verma, K.C. (1998) Monoclonal antibodies in Newcastle disease virus research: A review. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 19, 1-7.
[94] Weil, G.J., Malane, M.S., Powers, K.G. and Blair, L.S. (1985) Monoclonal antibodies to parasite antigens found in the serum of Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs. Journal of Immunology, 134, 1185-1191.
[95] Nakagaki, K., Nogami, S., Hayashi, Y., Hammerberg, B., Tanaka, H. and Ohishi, I. (1993) Dirofilaria immitis: Detection of parasite-specific antigen by monoclonal antibodies in glomerulonephritis in infected dogs. Parasitology Research, 79, 49-54. doi:10.1007/BF00931217
[96] Youssef, M.Y., Barakat, R., Boulos, L.M. and el-Mansoury, S.T. (1989) Preparation and use of monoclonal antibodies in the detection of Trichinella spiralis circulating antigen. Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association, 64, 105-122
[97] Wang, Z.Q., Fu, G.Y., Jing, F.J., Jin, J., Ren, H.J., Jiang, P. and Cui, J. (2012) Detection of Trichinella spiralis circulating antigens in serum of experimentally infected mice by an IgY-mAb sandwich ELISA. Foodborne Pathogens and Diseases, 9, 727-733.
[98] Zumaquero-Ríos, J.L., García-Juarez, J., De-la-Rosa-Arana, J.L., Marcet, R. and Sarracent-Pérez, J. (2012) Trichinella spiralis: Monoclonal antibody against the muscular larvae for the detection of circulating and fecal antigens in experimentally infected rats. Experimental Parasitology, 132, 444-449. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2012.09.016
[99] Deb, R., Chakraborty, S., Singh, U., Kumar, S. and Sharma, A. (2012) Trypanosomiasis/Surra. In: Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Satish Serial Publishing House. 153- 159.
[100] Nantulya, V.M. and Lindqvist, K.J. (1989) Antigen detection enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei infections in cattle. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 40, 267- 272.
[101] Luckins, A.G. (1991) Antigen detection ELISA for Trypanosoma evansi using group-specific monoclonal antibodies. In: Improving the diagnosis and control of trypanosomiasis and other vector-borne diseases of African livestock using immunoassay methods, Third Research Co-ordination Meeting, Abidjan, 20-25.
[102] Grimaldi, G. and Mc Mahon-Pratt, D. (1996) Monoclonal antibodies for the identification of new world Leishmania species. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 91, 37-42.
[103] Mukherjee, M., Bhattacharyya, A. and Duttagupta, S. (2002) Monoclonal antibody affinity purification of a 78 kDa membrane protein of Leishmania donovani of Indian origin and its role in host-parasite interaction. Journal of Bioscience, 27, 665-672. doi:10.1007/BF02708374
[104] Nejad-Moghaddam, A. and Abolhassani, M. (2009) Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing a common 57-kDa antigen of Leishmania species. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 13, 245-251.
[105] Srinivasan, P., Beatty, W.L., Diouf, A., Herrera, R., Ambroggio, X., Moch, J.K., Tyler, J.S., Narum, D.L., Pierce, S.K., Boothroyd, J.C., Haynes, J.D. and Miller, L.H. (2011) Binding of Plasmodium merozoite proteins RON2 and AMA1 triggers commitment to invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1-6.
[106] Bock, R.E., De Vos, A.J. and Molloy, J.B. (2006) Tickborne diseases of cattle. Part 1. Diagnostic overview. Australian and New Zealand Standard Diagnostic Procedures, 1-29.
[107] Molloy, J.B., Bowles, P.M. and Jeston, P.J. (1998) Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Babesia bigemina in cattle. Parasitology Research, 84, 651-656. doi:10.1007/s004360050465
[108] Mc Elwain, T.F. (2004) Bovine anaplasmosis. In: Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terres- Trial Animals, Office International des épizooties, Paris, 494-506.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.