Expression of PCNA in oral gingival epithelium of aggressive and, chronic periodontitis—A pilot study

Penapy Jyostna, Manchala Sesha Reddy, Manyam Ravikanth, Mandalapu Narendra, Chini Dorasani Dwarakanath

Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE.
Vishnu Dental College, Bhimivaram, India.

DOI: 10.4236/ojst.2013.31021                

Abstract

Periodontal disease leads to loss of tissue homeostasis of tooth supporting structures. The mechanism of fibrous tissue degradation by various enzymes in chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis was well documented but there is paucity of information regarding epithelial response. The aim of the present study was to evaluation of epithelial cell proliferation in Chronic Periodontitis, Aggressive Periodontitis and normal patients using Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). The study consists of 30 individuals who attended the Periodontia clinic of Vishnu Dental College. They were divided equally into 3 groups: chronic periodontitis (10) aggressive periodontitis (10) and normal individuals requiring gingival excision for crown lengthening (10). Excised gingival tissues were routinely processed and subjected to Immuno-histochemical evaluation using Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). The mean proliferation index was almost equal in Aggressive periodontitis patients (36.55) and normal individuals (37.02) but it was high in Aggressive Periodontitis patients when compared to chronic periodontitis group (18.86). Observations of this study indicate the possibility of subclinical inflammation in clinically normal gingiva and difference in the types of microorganism associated with chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.

Keywords

Immunohistochemistry; Normal Gingiva; Aggressive Periodontitis; Chronic Periodontitis; Mitotic Index; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Dale, B.A. (2002) Periodontal epithelium: A newly recognized role in health and disease. Periodontology, 30, 70-78. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.03007.x
[2]	Darveau, R.P., Tanner, A. and Page, R.C. (1997) The microbial challenge in periodontitis. Periodontology, 14, 12-32. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00190.x
[3]	Genco, R. (1992) Host responses in periodontal diseases: Current concepts. Journal of Periodontology, 63, 338-355. doi:10.1902/jop.1992.63.4s.338
[4]	Jain, S., Filipe, M.I., Hall, P.A., Waseem, N., Lane, D.P. and Levison, D.A. (1991) Prognostic value of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in gastric carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 44, 655-659. doi:10.1136/jcp.44.8.655
[5]	Gultekin, S.E., Senguven, B. and Karaduman, B. (2008) Effect of smoking on epithelial proliferation in healthy and periodontally diseased marginal gingival epithelium. Journal of Periodontology, 79, 1444-1450. doi:10.1902/jop.2008.070645
[6]	Kelman, Z. (1997) PCNA: Structure, function and interactions. Oncogene, 14, 629-640. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1200886
[7]	Seymour, G.J., Powell, R.N. and Davies, W.I.R. (1979) Conversion of a stable T-cell lesion to a progressive B-cell lesion in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease: and hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 6, 267-277. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1979.tb01930.x
[8]	Consensus Report (1996) Periodontal diseases: Pathogenesis and microbial factors. Annals of Periodontology, 1, 926-932.
[9]	Muller-Glauser, W. and Schroeder, H. (1983) Exfoliative cytology and ultrastructure of superficial epithelial cells from the normal human oral stratified epithelia. Journal de Biologie Buccale, 11, 317-326.
[10]	Schroeder, H. and Theilade, J. (1996) Electron microscopy of normal human gingival epithelium. Journal of Periodontal Research, 1, 95-119. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01850.x
[11]	Schroeder, H. (1981) Differentiation of human oral stratified epithelia. Karger, Basel, 35-119.
[12]	Schroeder, H.E. and Listagarten, M. (1997) The gingival tissues: The architecture of periodontal protection. Periodontology, 13, 91-120. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00097.x
[13]	Hassel, M.T. (1993) Tissues and cells of periodontium. Periodontology, 3, 9-38. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1993.tb00230.x
[14]	Miyachi, K. and Fritzler, M.J. (1978) Autoantibody to a nuclear antigen in proliferating cells. Journal of Immunology, 121, 2228-2234.
[15]	Acikgoz, G., Devrim, I. and Ozdamar, S. (2004) Comparison of keratinocyte proliferation in diabetic and non diabetic inflamed gingiva. Journal of Periodontology, 75, 989-994. doi:10.1902/jop.2004.75.7.989
[16]	Nurmenniemi, P.K., Pernu, H.E. and Knuuttila, M.L.E. (2001) Mitotic activity of keratinocytes in nifidipine and immunosuppressive medication induced gingival overgrowth. Journal of Periodontology, 72, 167-173. doi:10.1902/jop.2001.72.2.167
[17]	Slots, J. and Genco, R.J. (1984) Black-pigmented Bacteroides species, Capnocytophaga species, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease: Virulence factors in colonization, survival, and tissue destruction. Journal of Dental Research, 63, 412-421. doi:10.1177/00220345840630031101
[18]	Holt, S., Kesavalu, L., Walker, S. and Genco Attardo, C. (1999) Virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontology, 20, 168-238. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00162.x
[19]	Fives-Taylor, P., Hutschins Meyer, D., Mintz, K.P. and Brissette, C. (1999) Virulence factors of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Periodontology, 20, 136-167. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00161.x
[20]	Noiri, Y., Ozaki, K., Nakae, H., Matsuo, T. and Ebisu, S. (1997) An immunohistochemical study on the localization of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Campylobacter rectus and Actinomyces viscosus in human periodontal pockets. Journal of Periodontal Research, 32, 598-607. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1997.tb00937.x
[21]	Cutler, C.W., Jotwani, R., Palucka, K.A., Davoust, J., Bell, D. and Banchereau, J. (1999) Evidence and a novel hypothesis for the role of dendritic cells and Porphyromonas gingivalis in adult periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research, 34, 406-412. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02274.x
[22]	Watanabe, K., Yilmaz, O., Nakhjiri, S.F., Belton, C.M. and Lamont, R.J. (2001) Association of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways with gingival epithelial cell responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Infection and Immunity, 69, 6731-6737. doi:10.1128/IAI.69.11.6731-6737.2001
[23]	Darveau, R.P., Belton, C.M., Reife, R.A. and Lamont, R.J. (1998) Local chemokine paralysis, a novel pathogenic mechanism for Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infection and Immunity, 66, 1660-1665.
[24]	Huang, G.T., Haake, S.K., Kim, J.W. and Park, N. (1998) Differential expression of interleukin-8 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by human gingival epithelial cells in response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans or Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 13, 301-309. doi:10.1111/j.1399-302X.1998.tb00711.x
[25]	Huang, G.T., Kim, D., Lee, J.K., Kuramitsu, H.K. and Kinder Haake, S. (2001) Interleukin-8 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 regulation in oral epithelial cells by selected periodontal bacteria. Multiple effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis via antagonistic mechanisms. Infection and Immunity, 69, 1364-1372. doi:10.1128/IAI.69.3.1364-1372.2001
[26]	Madianos, P.N., Papapanou, P.N. and Sandros, J. (1997) Porphyromonas gingivalis infection of oral epithelium inhibits neutrophil transepithelial migration. Infection and Immunity, 65, 3983-3990.
[27]	Meyer, D.H., Rose, J.E., Lippmann, J.E. and Fives-Taylor, P.M. (1999) Microtubules are associated with intracellular movement and spread of the periodontopathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Infection and Immunity, 67, 6518-6525.
[28]	Nakhjiri, S.F., Park, Y., Yilmaz, O., Chung, W.O., Watanabe, K., El-Sabaeny, A., Park, K and Lamont, R.J. (2001) Inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis by P. gingivalis. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 200, 145-149. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10706.x
[29]	Huang, G.T., Haake, S.K. and Park, N. (1998) Gingival epithelial cells increase interleukin-8 secretion in response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans challenge. Journal of Periodontology, 69, 1105-1110. doi:10.1902/jop.1998.69.10.1105
[30]	Slots, J. (1999) Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontal disease: Introduction, Periodontology, 20, 7-13. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00155.x
[31]	Li, M., Frith, J.D. and Putnins, E.E. (2005) Keratinocyte growth factor 1 expression in healthy and diseased human periodontal tissues. Journal of Periodontal Research, 40, 118-128. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00780.x
[32]	Carro, O.M., Evans, S.A.S. and Leone, C.W. (1997) Effect of inflammation on the proliferation of human gingival epithelial cells in vitro. Journal of Periodontology, 68, 1. doi:10.1902/jop.1997.68.11.1070