Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in periodontitis patients in Kosovo: A pilot study

Abstract


The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. The Editorial Board found that the same contents have been published in another journal at the same time. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter, and the Open Journal of Stomatology treats all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.1 32-38, 2013 has been removed from this site.

Title: Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in periodontitis patients in Kosovo: A pilot study

Authors: Zana Sllamniku-Dalipi, Hasan Mehmeti, Fatmir Dragidella, Ferit Kocani, Metush Disha, Kastriot Meqa, Luljeta Begolli, Gramos Begolli

Share and Cite:

Sllamniku-Dalipi, Z. , Mehmeti, H. , Dragidella, F. , Koçani, F. , Disha, M. , Meqa, K. , Begolli, L. and Begolli, G. (2013) Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in periodontitis patients in Kosovo: A pilot study. Open Journal of Stomatology, 3, 32-38. doi: 10.4236/ojst.2013.31007.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Offenbacher, S. (1996) Periodontal diseases: Pathogenesis. Annals of Periodontology, 1, 821-878. doi:10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.821
[2] Ebersole, J.L., Machen, R.L., Steffen, M.J. and Willmann, D.E. (1997) Systemic acute-phase reactants, C-reactive protein and haptoglobin in adult periodontitis. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 107, 347-352. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1997.270-ce1162.x
[3] Noack, B., Genco, R.J., Trevisan, M., Grossi, S., Zambon, J.J. and De Nardin, E. (2001) Periodontal infections contribute to elevated systemic C-reactive protein level. Journal of Periodontology, 72, 1221-1227. doi:10.1902/jop.2000.72.9.1221
[4] Amar, S., Gokce, N., Morgan, S., Loukideli, M., Duke, T. and Vita, J. (2003) Periodontal disease is associated with brachial artery endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 23, 1245-1249. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000078603.90302.4A
[5] Ross, R. (1999) Atherosclerosis—An inflammatory disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 115- 126. doi:10.1056/NEJM199901143400207
[6] Kinnane, D.F. and Lappin, D.F. (2001) Immune processes in periodontal disease: A review. Annals of Periodontology, 7, 62-71. doi:10.1902/annals.2002.7.1.62
[7] Shoelson, S.E., Lee, J. and Goldfine, A.B. (2006) Inflammation and insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116, 1793-1801. doi:10.1172/JCI29069
[8] Page, R.C. and Schroeder, H.E. (1976) Pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease: A summary of current work. Laboratory Investigation, 34, 235-249.
[9] Williams, R.C. and Offenbacher, S. (2000) Periodontal medicine: The emergency of a new branch of periodontology. Periodontology, 23, 9-12. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0757.2000.2230101.x
[10] Chun, Y.H., Chun, K.R., Olguin, D. and Wang, H.L. (2005) Biological foundation for periodontitis as a potential risk factor for atherosclerosis. Journal of Periodontal Research, 40, 87-95. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00771.x
[11] Loos, B.G., Craandijik, J., Hoek, F.J., Wertheim-Van, Dillen, P.M. and van der Veldn, U. (2000) Elevation of systemic markers related to cardiovascular diseases in the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients. Journal of Periodontology, 71, 1528-1534. doi:10.1902/jop.2000.71.10.1528
[12] Meurman, J.H., Sanz, M. and Janket, S.J. (2004) Oral health, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 15, 403-413. doi:10.1177/154411130401500606
[13] Buhlin, K., Gustafsson, A., Pockley, A.G., Frostegard, J. and Klinge B. (2003) Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with periodontitis. European Heart Journal, 24, 2099-2107. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.016
[14] Bizzarro, S., van der Velden, U., ten Heggeler, J.M., Leivadaros, E., Hoek, F.J., Gerdes, V.E., Bakker, S.J., Gans, R.O., Ten, Cate, H. and Loos, B.G. (2007) Periodontitis is characterized by elevated PAI-1 activity. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34, 574-580. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01095.x
[15] Craig, R.G., Yip, J.K., So, M.K., Boylan, R.J., Socransky, S.S. and Haffajee, A.D. (2003) Relationship of destructtive periodontal disease to the acute-phase response. Journal of Periodontology, 74, 1007-1016. doi:10.1902/jop.2003.74.7.1007
[16] Leivadaros, E., van der Velden, U., Bizzarro, S., ten Heggeler, J.M., Gerdes, V.E., Hoek, F.J., Bakker, S.J., Gans, R.O., Ten, Cate, H. and Loos, B.G. (2005) A pilot study into measurements of markers of atherosclerosis in periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 76, 121-128. doi:10.1902/jop.2005.76.1.121
[17] Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A.I. and Ebersole, J.L. (1998) Increased presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 secreting fibroblast subpopulations in adult periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 69, 899-910. doi:10.1902/jop.1998.69.8.899
[18] Meisell, P., Siegemund, A., Grimm., R, Herrmann, F.H, John, U., Schwahn, C. and Kocher T. (2003) The Interleukin-1 polymorphism, smoking, and the risk of periodontal disease in the population-based SHIP study assessment of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Journal of dental research, 82, 189-193. doi:10.1177/154405910308200308
[19] Paraskevas, S., Huizinga, J.D. and Loos, B.G. (2008). A systematic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive in relation to periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 79, 774-783.
[20] Borden, E.C. and Chin, P. (1994) Interleukin 6: A cytokine with potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 123, 824- 829.
[21] Ryan, S., Taylor, C.T. and McNicholas, W.T. (2009) Systemic inflammation: A key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome? Thorax, 64, 631-636.
[22] Liang, J., Zheng, Z., Wang, M., Han, L., Peng, J., Liu, Z. and Wei, Y. (2009) Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) plasma levels are increased in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Journal of International Medicine of Research, 37, 862-866. doi:10.1177/147323000903700331
[23] Jafarzadeh, A., Nemati, M. and Rezayati, M.T. (2011) Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-27 in patients with ischemic heart disease. Cytokine, 56, 153-156. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2011.06.014
[24] Sumarac-Dumanovic, M., Stevanovic, D. and Ljubic, A. (2009) Increased activity of interleukin-23/interleukin-17 proinflammatory axis in obese women. International Journal of Obesity, 33, 151-156. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.216
[25] Bradley, J.R. (2008) TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. Journal of Pathology, 214, 149-160. doi:10.1002/path.2287
[26] Ebersole, J.L., Machen, R.L., Steffen, M.J. and Willmann, D.E. (1997) Systemic acute-phase reactants, C-reactive protein and hemoglobin in adult periodontitis. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 107, 347-352. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1997.270-ce1162.x
[27] Loos, B.G. (2005) Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 76, 2106-2115. doi:10.1902/jop.2005.76.11-S.2106
[28] Loe, H. (1967) The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. Journal of Periodontology, 38, 610. doi:10.1902/jop.1967.38.6.610
[29] Silness, P. and Loe, H. (1964) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 22, 121. doi:10.3109/00016356408993968
[30] Lopez, N.J., Smith, P.C. and Gutierrez, S. (2001) Periodontal therapy may reduce risk of preterm low birth weight in women with periodontal disease: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Periodontology, 73, 911-924. doi:10.1902/jop.2002.73.8.911
[31] Ridker, P.M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M.J., Tracy, R.P. and Hennekens, C.V.H. (1997) Inflammation, aspirin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 973- 979. doi:10.1056/NEJM199704033361401
[32] Ridker, P.M. (2002) On evolutionary biology, inflammation, infection and the causes of atherosclerosis. Circulation, 105, 2-4.
[33] Ridker, P.M., Rifai, N., Rose, L., Buring, J.E. and Cook, N.R. (2002) Comparison of C-reactive protein and low- density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in prediction of first cardiovascular events. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 1557-1565. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021993
[34] Ridker, P.M. and Morrow, D.A. (2003) C-reactive protein, inflammation, and coronary risk. Cardiology Clinics, 21, 315-325. doi:10.1016/S0733-8651(03)00079-1
[35] Beckman, J.A., Preis, O., Ridker, P.M. and Gerhard- Herman, M. (2005) Comparison of usefulness of inflamematory markers in patients with versus without peripheral arterial disease in predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes (myocardial infarction, stroke and death). American Journal of Cardiology, 96, 1374-1378. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.041
[36] Adam, T.C. and Christidis, T.D. (1962) Protein reacting to antigen C of pneumococcus in the saliva. Archive of Oral Biology, 7, 107-108. doi:10.1016/0003-9969(62)90054-7
[37] Boucher, N.E., Hanrahan, J.J. and Kihara, F.Y. (1967) Occurrence of C-reactive protein in oral disease. Journal of Dental Research, 46, 624. doi:10.1177/00220345670460033001
[38] Loos, B.G., Craandijik, J., Hoek, F.J., Wertheim van Dillen, P.M. and van der Velden, U. (2000) Evaluation of systemic markers related to cardiovascular diseases in the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients. Journal of Periodontology, 71, 1528-1534. doi:10.1902/jop.2000.71.10.1528
[39] Sait, T., Mrakami, M., Shimazaki, Y., Oobayashi, K., Matsumto, S. and Koga, T. (2003) Association between alveolar bone loss and elevated serum C-reactive protein in Japanese men. Journal of Periodontology, 74, 1741- 1746. doi:10.1902/jop.2003.74.12.1741
[40] Slade, G.D., Ghezzi, E.M., Heiss, G., Beck, J.D., Riche, E. and Offenbacher, S. (2003) Relationship between periodontal disease and C reactive protein among adults in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Archive of Internal Medicine, 163, 1172-1179. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.10.1172
[41] Craig, R.G., Yip, J.K., So, M.K., Boylan, R.J., Socransky, S.S. and Haffajee, A.D. (2003) Relationship of destruct- tive periodontal disease to the acute-phase response. Journal of Periodontology, 74, 1007-1016. doi:10.1902/jop.2003.74.7.1007
[42] Pitiphat, W., Savetsilp, W. and Wara-Aswapati, N. (2008) C-reactive protein associated with periodontitis in a Thai population. Journal of Clinical of Periodontology, 35, 120-125. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01179.x
[43] Lim, L.P., Tay, F.B., Sum, C.F. and, Thai, A.C. (2007) The relationship between markers of metabolic control and inflammation on severity of periodontal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34, 118-123. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.01032.x
[44] Salzberg, T.N., Overstreet, B.T., Rogers, J.D., Califano, J.V, Best, A.M. and Schenkein, H.A. (2006) C-reactive protein levels in patients with aggressive periodontitis. Journal of Periodontolology, 77, 933-939. doi:10.1902/jop.2006.050165
[45] Engebreston, S.P., Lamster, I.B., Herrera-Abreu, M., Celenti, R.S., Timms, J.M., Chaudhar, A.G.A., Giovine, F. and Kornman, K.S. (1999) The influence of interleukin gene polymorphism on expression of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in periodontal tissue and gingival crevicular fluid. Journal of Periodontology, 70, 567-573. doi:10.1902/jop.1999.70.6.567
[46] Engebreston, S.P., Grbic, J.T., Singer, R. and Lamster, I.B. (2002) GCF IL-1 beta profiles in periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 29, 48-53. doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290108.x
[47] Hou, L.T., Liu, C.M. and Rossomando, E.F. (1995) Crevicular interleukin 1 beta in moderate and severe periodontitis patients and the effect of phase I periodontal treatment. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 22, 162- 167. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb00128.x
[48] Marcaccini, A.M., Meschiari, C.A., Sorgi, Saraiva, M.C.P., De, Souza, A.M.,Faccioli, L.H., Tanus-Santos, J., Novaes, A.B. and Gerlach, R.F. (2009) Circulating interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein decrease after periodontal therapy in otherwise healthy subjects. Journal of Periodontology, 80, 594-602. doi:10.1902/jop.2009.080561
[49] D’Aiuto, F., Nibali, L., Parker, M., Suvan, J. and Tonetti, M.S. (2005) Short-term effects of intensive periodontal therapy on serum inflammatory markers and cholesterol. Journal of Dental Research, 84, 269-273. doi:10.1177/154405910508400312
[50] D’Aiuto, F., Parkar, M., Nibali, L., Suan, J., Lessem, J. and Tonetti, M.S. (2006) Periodontal infections cause changes in traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors: Results from randomized controlled clinical trial. American Heart Journal, 151, 977-984. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.06.018
[51] Tonetti, M.S., D’Aiuto, F., Nibali, L., Donald, A., Storry, C., Parkar, M., Suvan, J., Hingorani, A.D., Vallance, P., Deanfield, J. and Chir, B. (2007) Treatment of periodontitis and endothelial function. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 911-920. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa063186
[52] Persson, G.R., Pettersson, T., Ohlsson, O. and Renvert, S. (2005) High-sensitivity serum C-reactive protein levels in subjects with or without myocardial infarction or periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 32, 219-224. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00648.x
[53] Nibali, L., D’Aiuto, F., Griffiths, G., Patel, K., Suvan, J., Tonetti, M.S. (2007) Severe periodontitis is associated with systemic inflammation and a dysmetabolic status: A case-control study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 34, 931-937. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01133.x
[54] Tuter, G., Kurtis, B. and Serdar, M. (2007) Evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid and serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic periodontitis patients with or without coronary artery disease. Journal of Periodontology, 78, 2319-2324. doi:10.1902/jop.2007.070150
[55] Amabile, N., Susini, G., Pettenati-Soubayroux, I., Bonel- lo, L., Gil, J.M., Arques, S., Bonfil, J.J and Paganelli, F. (2008) Severity of periodontal disease correlates to inflammatory systemic status and independently predicts the presence and angiographic extent of stable coronary artery disease. Journal of International Medcine, 263, 644-652. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01916.x
[56] Cairo, F., Castellani, S., Gori, A.M., Nieri, M., Baldelli, G., Abbate, R. and Pini-Prato, G.P. (2008) Severe perio- dontitis in young adults is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35, 465-472. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01228.x
[57] Yamazaki, K., Honda, T., Oda, T., Ueki-Maruyama, K., Nakajima, T., Yoshie, H. and Seymour, G.J. (2005) Effect of periodontal treatment on the C-reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokine levels in Japanese perio- dontitis patients. Journal of Periodontal Research, 40, 53-58. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00772.x
[58] Albert, M.A. (2008) Race/ethnicity and inflammation—Is there a link with periodontal disease? Journal of Periodontology, 79, 1121-1123. doi:10.1902/jop.2008.080219

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.