Preliminary Study by Environmental Indicator Measurements of Sediments in a Mangrove Forest in Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

Ana Maria A. Velho, Claudia A. F. Aiub, José L. Mazzei, Sérgio M. Corrêa, Mário L.G. Soares, Israel Felzenszwalb

Center for Research on Mangroves, Institute of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua S?o Francisco Xavier, 524-4019E, Maracan?, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Brazil.
Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Blv. Vinte e Oito de Setembro 87-fds PAPC, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030, Brazil.
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 298, Polo Industrial, Resende, 27537-000, Brazil.

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.38087                

Abstract

Mangroves perform essential functions in biological cycles and are protected by law in Brazil. However, they are being degraded above their support limit, leading to a reduction in the areas around the world. The area investigated in the present study is a potentially unpolluted mangrove ecosystem in the south of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mangrove sediment and to correlate them with mutagenic and genotoxic activity. Four seasonal samplings undertaken between 2009 and 2010 at five sites were analyzed. Dichloromethane extracts were obtained under sonication and subjected to mutagenicity assays using Salmonella microsuspension. Metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, while the quantification of PAHs was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Goniopsis cruentata hemocytes were used to assess potential genotoxic damage (Micronucleus assay). The absence of mutagenicity was observed for all samples using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102, in the absence and presence of an exogenous mammalian metabolizing system. Among the metals, Cd and Cu were detected in autumn at values exceeding the threshold effect level and below the probable effect level. Benzo[a] pyrene was detected at levels above the threshold at one site, where small effects could be observed in the biota. Significant differences in the micronucleated cells observed suggest DNA damage had been induced by the PAHs identified.

Keywords

Sediments; Mutagenicity; Goniopsis cruentata; Genotoxicity; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs); Metals

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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