First Snout with Complete Teeth Row of Small Titanosaur in Indo-Pakistan Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan; Associated Cranial and Postcranial Skeletons of Saraikimasoom vitakri (Poripuchia, Stocky Titanosauria, Sauropoda) from Pakistan and Referred Fossils from India

Titanosaurs articulated cranial elements especially jaw bones with articulated complete teeth row are extraordinarily rare. Here the holotypic snout with articulated jaw bones and complete teeth row of Saraikimasoom vitakri are being presented which has international significance and contributes to understanding the evolutionary relationships and paleobiogeographic history of the vertebrates of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The completeness of the skeleton, in particular the presence of a well-preserved skull has a significant influence on resolution of titanosaur phylogeny. Here Saraikimasoom vitakri holotypic snout from South Kinwa, and referred jaw with articulated pointed and rounded teeth along with associated postcranial fossils from north Kinwa, and other associated materials from Mari Bohri, mid-Sangiali, Zubra Basti Nala and Grut localities of Pakistan are being presented. All these assemblages show consistent results.

Titanosaurs postcrania are found worldwide, but their skulls are exceptionally rare [33] but here first snout GSP/MSM-142-4 with articulated elements and complete teeth row of Saraikimasoom vitakri titanosaur found from Pakistan are being presented. This snout specimen is of international significance and contributes to understanding the evolutionary relationships and paleobiogeographic history of the vertebrates of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. This snout piece is the only piece of sauropod jaw bones known from the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent and is extremely important. It includes both upper and lower jaw bones as well as teeth. The lower jaw teeth are overlapped by upper jaw. The morphology of teeth within the jaw bones can be revealed on CT scans. Cranial material is known from only ten titanosaurs and is limited to isolated elements and fragmentary braincases [34] [34] [35] [36]. In fact, no titanosaur skull found in association with postcrania has ever been fully described or illustrated, and very few instances of direct association of skulls and postcrania have been documented. This nagging lack of association has left even the most basic skeletal morphology of the clade controversial and has precluded detailed study of the higher and lower level phylogeny of the group [34] [35] [36]. The completeness of the skeleton and, in particular, the presence of a well-preserved skull, has a significant influence on resolution of titanosaur phylogeny [37]. Here I provide a description of the holotypic snout from South Kinwa 4, and referred jaw with articulated pointed and rounded teeth and associated postcranial from north Kinwa 4n, and other associated materials from Mari Bohri 15, Sangiali 1, Zubra Basti Nala 7, Grut 9, mid-Bor 2 and Top Kinwa 16 of Saraikimasoom vitakri from Pakistan; all these sites revealed consistent results.
The skulls of most derived titanosaurs are scarce in the global world, while Saraikimasoom has holotypic skull. The Rapetosaurus have disarticulated skull while the present snout have articulated teeth and jaw bones. For clarification of Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, the latest Cretaceous titanosaurs are again scarce, while the present cranial and associated postcranial fossils are found at the time of Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and are significant for studying mass extinction. Saraikimasoom vitakri provide the cranial comparison facility with coeval and other sauropod dinosaurs like Rapetosaurus of Gondwana and Nemegtosaurus and Quaesitosaurus of Mongolia Asia (Laurasia) and also type series postcranial materials provide comparison with Isisaurus colberti, Pakisaurus and other world wide titanosaurs based on postcrania. In this way these cranial and postcranial fossils and their characters are also significant for phylogenetic and evolutionary study of titanosaurs and Gondwanan paleobiogeographic affinity.

Saraikimasoom vitakri
The systematic paleontology of Saraikimasoom vitakri is as follows.
Dinosauria [38]; Saurischia [39]; Sauropoda [40]; Titanosauria [41]; Poripuchia [22]; Gspsauridae [17]; Saraikimasoom [17] [19]; Saraikimasoom vitakri [17] [19]; (  Figure 9) and Grut Gambrak 9 ( Figure 9) of Barkhan district, Sulaiman (Middle Indus) basin, and a Karkh locality ( Figure 9) of Khuzdar district, Kirthar (Lower Indus) Basin, Balochistan, Pakistan. Only one distal end of dorsal vertebra rib or may be neural spine ( Figure 9) collected from Karkh area, Khuzdar district, Kirthar (lower Indus) basin. The holotypic and referred specimens found from Pakistan are housed in the Museum of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta. Further one elongated cylindrical holotypic caudal vertebra (out of 2 holotypic vertebrae) of Titanosaurus blanfordi [3] [42], caudal vertebra K27/501 and distal stocky tibia K27/508 from Pisdura India of Titanosaurus blanfordi [4] referred to Saraikimasoom vitakri. Further holotypic large caudal vertebra UCB 92829 of Titanosaurus madagascariensis from Madagascar [42] [43] show close resemblance to Saraikimasoom due to strong ventral compression. The caudal vertebrae from Pisdura India were referred to Saraikimasoom vitakri due to strong ventral compression of anterior/middle caudal centrum, long cylindrical distal caudal with prominent articular ring and without restricted posterior articular ball are the characteristic of Saraikimasoom vitakri. Figure 3. Saraikimasoom vitakri referred fossils from north Kinwa 4n (row 1 -4), south Kinwa 4 (row 5, p1, 2) and mid Kinwa 4 m (rows 5, p3, 4; row 6). Nicksaurus razashahi holotypic skeleton (rows 1 -4) was found from north Kinwa [19], which is now being referred to Saraikimasoom vitakri due to cranial overlapping. Row   both Gspsaurus pakistani and Saraikimasoom vitakri due to transverse expansion. This is the only proximal tibia which is the key element or guide marker element to differentiate between these two stocky titanosaurs. The Saraikimasoom vitakri have subcircular shaped stockier (with almost equal transverse and anteroposterior widths) proximal tibia, while the Gspsaurus pakistani have convex lense shaped stocky proximal tibia. Pakisaurus balochistani and Isisaurus colberti have proximal flattened tibia but their distal tibia are differentiated.  Kinwa 4n site is located on the west of main Kinwa stream at the junction of northern way/track bending westward from north Kinwa toward Vitakri village Open Journal of Geology  via and along Bor stream to Vitakri village [15]. It is necessary to mention that there is another southern way from south Kinwa 4 water spring and just north of host type locality peak to Pakisaurus type locality to then top sandstone terraine to nearby lower Bor Pakisaurus skeleton and then end lower portion of Bor stream and then Vitakri village. The associated cranial and postcranial remains from north Kinwa 4n were established as holotype ( Figure 3) of Nicksaurus razashahi [17] [18] [19]. Recently this north Kinwa skeleton including cranial and postcranial remains was referred to Saraikimasoom vitakri [22] due to following reason. The Saraikimasoom vitakri holotypic teeth from south Kinwa skull MSM-142-4 and Saraikimasoom vitakri referred 6 associated teeth with partial jaw MSM-138-4n from north Kinwa 4n overlapped and have the same morphology, while the non-overlapping portion (postcrania) of the skeleton of north Kinwa 4n broaden the diagnosis of the species and its distinction from the other Cretaceous titanosaurs of Indo-Pakistan landmass like Isisaurus colberti and Pakisaurus balochistani slender titanosaurs and Gspsaurus pakistani stocky titanosaur. Further the referred materials from north Kinwa 4n ( Figure 3) were considered associated due to finding from same locality (within less than 10 m dia) and same formation, fit and same size and no duplication. The femur head was exposed and remaining portion of femur was excavated from the shale of host Vitakri Formation. The host horizon of these holotypic and referred specimens is the Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation [46] [47] of Fort Munro Group from Pakistan and Lameta Formation from India. The genus Saraikimasoom named after Saraiki language of the area and adjoining south Punjab province; masoom is Urdu and Saraiki word meaning innocent. The species name S. vitakri named after the host Vitakri area and Vitakri Formation, Barkhan district, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Diagnosis of Saraikimasoom vitakri
Saraikimasoom vitakri diagnosed as small skull located on long neck, round and massive body, short and stocky legs and broad tail. It host thick subsquare proximal tibia. The name-bearing and referred materials of Saraikimasoom vitakri are diagnostic and stable, which provides best cranial, axial and appendicular materials and characters dataset for phylogenetic and systematic studies.
Saraikimasoom vitakri is a small sized stocky sauropod dinosaur sharing with the Titanosauria as vertebrae lacking hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, procoelous caudals (except first biconvex caudal), forward insertion of neural arches on caudals, prominent olecranon process on ulna, and anterior dorsal neural spines single (not bifurcated).
Poripuch is the Saraiki language word means full tail (with procoelous vertebrae).
The Saraikimasoom vitakri shares with the Gspsauridae (small to medium sized stocky titanosaurs) as U-shaped anterior teeth row and jaw profile, anterior dentary rounded (no chin forming), highly vascularised and pneumatic rostrum and dentaries bones, broad reversed V-shaped palatal, V-shaped dorsal palatal hook attached on the contact of maxilla and premaxilla, slender and circular to slightly oval teeth with slender indices 3 -5, teeth converge and taper on all sides gradually toward tip (opposite of pakisaurids teeth which have almost same thickness except tip), ratio of mid transverse width above and below of mid caudal centrum varies from 1 to 2 with ventral view of mid caudal centra are strongly compressed, proximal subcircular and distal transversely broad stocky tibia (unlike slender tibia of Pakisauridae) and mosaic type and large ellipsoidal osteoderms.
Saraikimasoominae is the most inclusive clade containing Saraikimasoom vitakri but not Gspsaurus pakistani, with characters same as genus and species Saraikimasoom vitakri. Saraikimasoominae major differentiation features from Gspsaurinae are as U-shaped anterior dentaries symphyses profile, dentary symphysis orientation is perpendicular to axis of jaw ramus, relatively small sized skull (than Gspsaurinae), relatively small but more robust teeth (than Gspsaurinae), straight to recurved and circular to slightly oval conical and pointed teeth with gradually decreasing diameter toward tip, relatively small size (in thickness, width and length) dentaries rami (than Gspsaurinae), ventral view of mid caudal centra are strongly reduced/compressed with the ratio of mid transverse width above and below varies from 1.5 to 2 and circular to subcircular stockier tibia (than Gspsaurinae).
Saraikimasoom vitakri autapomorphies are very small sized spongy snout with dorsal profile inclined moderately or 40˚ from horizontal; relatively short, broad and less deep skull without anterior step; low angle less than 25˚ pterygoid or palatine process (while Gspsaurus have about 45˚ pterygoid or palatine process); premaxillary canal is reversely triangular and high angled V shaped; teeth converge and taper gradually from base of crown to tip (while teeth of Pakisaurus and Rapetosaurus have constant thickness of teeth from base to tip); teeth are small, circular to subcircular, slightly recurved and rounded and pointed tips; when articulated with proximal tibia; osteoderms two types, the first small suboval or subrectangular mosaic type thick plate (more thick than the Gspsaurus mosaic plate) and secondly the large subcircular ellipsoidal plate without median cut or groove (while Gspsaurus and Malawisaurus both have large oval ellipsoidal plate with median goove or cut).

Description of Fossils of Saraikimasoom vitakri
Cranial fossils Previously no any snout of titanosaur from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent is reported but due to recent discoveries from Pakistan, the Saraikimasoom and Gspsaurus represented by snouts which provide the facility for comparisons at global level. The Gspsaurus is based on skeleton which is represented by snout and associated braincase and postcranial vertebral and appendicular and limb elements, which provide the facility for the phylogenetic and systematic studies. In Maxilla, there are two major parts, a horizontal tooth bearing lateral/posteroventral process and a prominent dorsal ascending process. The maxilla is a triangular element from lateral view. Its dorsal process and also lateral process bifurcate at the start of antorbital fenestra. The antorbital fenestra is starting at about 8 cm length from anterior most premaxilla junction. The antorbital fenestra is more than 3 cm dorsoventral height after a 2 cm start. The antorbital fenestra started at the ending of maxillary teeth row. The teeth have little gap less than 2 mm among each other. The larger teeth are observed in the middle of teeth row i.e. the fifth and sixth maxillary teeth. However distal parts of the most of the teeth are eroded. The maxillary teeth vary from 1 to 1.5 cm in length and 3 -4 cm in diameter. The length and width of longest maxillary teeth is about 1.5 cm and 0.4 cm respectively. The smallest teeth are less than 1 cm especially in the posterior part of row. Some teeth have rounded tips and some have pointed tips. However the exposed dentary teeth vary from 1 to 1.2 cm in length and width 3 -5 cm. There are 13 maxillary teeth. The maxillary teeth bearing part is 7 cm long and preserved backward portion without teeth is 4. cm. However the exposed dentary teeth vary from 1 to 1.2 cm in length and width 3 -4 cm. At the level of angular/surangular total dorsoventral height of ramus is about 2 cm. The lateral and anterolateral views of left dentary are partially exposed. The right dentary is mostly not exposed and covered by mud and only right dentary three teeth are exposed after the damage of right maxilla. The dentary is shallow, thin/narrow and also small. Articulated dentaries or dentary -13 teeth but the exposed teeth on right dentary show width of teeth is greater which represent less teeth count than upper jaw. In this way Saraikimasoom vitakri represents possible dental formula 4, 13/11 − 13 ( Figure 1) (Figure 2). The teeth row of left upper jaw seems to be complete and it gives the best information for the more derived Titanosauria in globe. Traditionally, titanosaurids were considered as Diplodocus-type skull [33] but Pakistan yielded moderate long skull with moderate inclination.
Its tight fused suture, and vertebral and limb elements suggest a mature and single individual. The parietal is a paired with fused and traceable midline element that contacts the frontal anteriorly, and the supraoccipital, exoccipital-opisthotic, prootic, and laterosphenoid bones ventrally. The parietal is exposed on the dor- This braincase is relatively small size, slight median groove/cut (constricted dorsoventral median groove) on posterior view of basioccipital condyles forming W-shaped lower and reverse W-shaped upper views, the lateral side of basioccipital condyle is convex like other Indian titanosaur braincases, braincase have a prominent supraoccipital wedge, pronounced proatlantal facets, and a ventrally deflected occipital condyle that forms a 120˚ angle with the skull roof.
The reference [53] mentioned that both the Pab braincase and the Dongargaon braincase were found at localities preserving postcranial remains of the titanosaur Isisaurus, the present investigation shows no any postcranial remains of Isisaurus found from Topkinwa. This locality presented skeleton of Gspsaurus, some bones of Saraikimasoom and some bones of Pakisaurus. The reference [53] mentioned that although further associations are required. The presently associations from Pakistan and India [23]  A few thoracic rib pieces are collected. The tuberculum and capitulum are of subequal size, subrounded capitulum and oval to suboval toberculum and are marked with a notch in between. There is a marked ridge running along the length of the rib shaft bifurcating just before the proximal notch and terminating toward the end of the capitulum and tuberculum. Medially there is a marked depression running anteriorly. The proximal part of the rib is spongy and concavo-convex in cross section and distally massive and plano-convex. Radius: The proximal radius MSM-344-4n ( Figure 3) is collected from north Kinwa 4n. The radius proximal end surface is slightly concave and oval shaped due to close articulation with fibular condyle of distal femur while proximal end surface has flat oval-shaped outline in Lusotitan atalaiensis [57]. The radius proximal end surface has a well-developed medial projection like Lusotitan atalaiensis [57]. The proximal part show slight concavity or depression on proximal view. The proximal end is expanded and has pointed projection directed medially. The proximal radius has rugosities on the dorsal view and also extending somewhat down. The rugose distal end surface is subrectangular and slightly convex. Radius shaft is nearly oval upto preserved shaft section. suboval cross-section whose transversely oriented long axis is nearly 2 times ( Figure 8) the length of its anteroposteriorly oriented short axis while it is 3 times in Pakisaurus balochistani femur. The distal end is bifurcated in two condyles as tibial and fibular condyles both have rugosities on ventral view. The ventral view of distal condyle has concavity or rounded groove between the two condyles while humerus has no concavity or rounded groove between the two condyles. The tibial condyle is relatively deeper and narrower than fibular con-dyle (including epicondyle). While the fibular condyle (including epicondyle) is relatively more wider than tibial condyle. The tibial condyle is wheel like. The fibular condyle is posteriorly divided in two sub condyles (one more expanded and one less expanded). Femoral distal condyles, articular surface shape expanded onto anterior portion as well as lateral and medial portion of femoral shaft close to distal ends. It has rugosities on the proximal and also distal ends.
The constricted part of femur seems to be close to distal condyles than the proximal head portion. The preserved sector of the diaphysis is anteroposteriorly compressed, resulting in a oval or elliptical outline. In distal view, the tibial and fibular condyles are beveled anterolaterally like Gspsaurus pakistani and unlike Oceanotitan [58] which show medially-posterolaterally probably due to deformation. The tibial condyle is bigger and transversely longer than the fibular one.  Figure 9) was also found with some associated bones from Grut 9 locality of Dhaola Gambrak Range. Both proximal typical tibiae are well preserved, well exposed and well diagnosed however cnemial crest is destroyed. The proximal end is subrectangular/subsquare shaped and strongly robust, while oval/suboval shaped distal end is transversely broad/long. The proximal end of right tibia from Mari Bohri has the same anteroposterior width about 26 cm and transverse width about 26 cm. Its preserved shaft cross section is at about 30 cm downward from proximal end measured anteroposterior breadth 16 -17 cm and transverse width is 13 cm, also revealing subcircular cross section. Its shape, proximal measurement and cross sectional measurement allowed its distinctions from others. The proximal tibia of Saraikimasoom vitakri matches with Lusotitan atalaiensis [57] and Lohuecotitan pandafilandi [60]. The dorsal view of proximal end has rugose surface with subrounded concavity or slight depression for the attachment of distal tibial condyle of femur. A depression is present on the anterolateral margin of the proximal end, posterior to the base of the cnemial crest. Posterior to this, the lateral bulge (fibular articular surface or condylar ridge) of the proximal end forms an additional projection.
This proximolateral projection ( Figure 5) (Figure 8) is also present in some sauropods, e.g. Giraffatitan [61], Diplodocus [62], Janenschia (the "second cnemial Astragalus: An astragalus MSM-752-9 ( Figure 9) associated with distal transversely broad stocky tibia, distal ulna, proximal humerus with prominent head oriented proximal extremity and caudal vertebrae were found from Grut 9 locality of Dhaola Gambrak Range. The general shape of astragalous is transversely long and concave or syncline with limbs type. The medial and lateral parts are truncated. The astragalus fossa at the base of ascending process is present. Astragalous posterior fossa shape is undivided. The lateral surface of the ascending process is straight inclined downward or mildly convexing profile generally inclining downward (Figure 9). This astragalous body is long and concave transversely. It forms the transversely oriented axis syncline with anterior and posterior limbs. These limbs are named as anterior limb and posterior limb due to their occurrences. The anterior limb convex maximum form ridge in the lateral one third distance from lateral corner. From maximum peak or ridge of ascending process, on both sides laterally and also medially the inclination started toward medial and lateral base. The posterior limb behavior is same as anterior limb but difference is that the posterior limb peak is lower than anterior limb. Both these limbs trend transversely separated by a elongated depression or groove which is also oriented transversely. Between the anterior and posterior ridges is a deep astragalous fossa ( Figure 9).  [14]. Like these large oval and rugose osteoderms were also reported from Malawi [70], Argentina [71] and India [4] [72]. Further the large ellipsoidal osteodermal plate (AMNH 1959) from India is more similar to osteoderms MSM-84-7 of Saraikimasoom vitakri from Pakistan, so osteodermal plate (AMNH 1959) from India is being referred to Saraikimasoom vitakri a small sized stocky titanosaur from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The reference [73] proposed that these both oval plates being assigned to pes toes of titanosaurian because its shape, length, width, rugosities, robustness and general outlines closely matches with the ungual found in pes footprints found from Pakistan [31].
Coprolites: From India diverse coprolites of dinosaurs [74] are found but from Pakistan many subcircular wheel type rounded and spongy/vesicular pieces with 5 -7 cm in diameter are collected from the terrestrial Latest Cretaceous Vitakri Formation of Vitakri dome area, eastern Sulaiman foldbelt, Barkhan District, Balochistan. These five coprolite pieces (Figure 9) may belong to titanosaurian sauropods and/or probably abelisaurian theropod dinosaurs or both.

Conclusion
Due to lack of snout from Indo-Pakistan (South Asia), this finding of snout with complete teeth row from south Kinwa, Balochistan, Pakistan is providing significant features of Saraikimasoom vitakri titanosaur from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. There is also lack of cranial and associated postcranial remains of titanosaurs in Indo-Pakistan but this finding of cranial and associated postcranial skeleton of Saraikimasoom vitakri titanosaur from north Kinwa and also many other associated skeletons from Mari Bohri, mid Sangiali, south Zubra Basti Nala and Grut localities of Pakistan provide again significant features for the comparison, evolutionary and phylogenetic studies of titanosaurs in the globe. These fossils are significant remains from Pakistan which have no parallel from India [75], so these paleobioheritage, geoheritage and their sites need preservation [76]- [80].

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.