Applying Average Anthropometric Reference Measurements to Thigh Lift Surgical Design in Females: A Novel Technique

Background: Thigh lift is a common procedure in plastic surgery. Surgeon’s sense or tailor tacdundancy to bek is mainly the methods used for designing thigh lift currently. This article is an attempt to find a method/a reference point to define the exact amount of re excised. Introduction: Anthropometry reference measurements can be applied in designing thigh lift surgery. Clas-sically, anthropometry binds the calf circumference with mid-thigh circumference and upper thigh (gluteal) circumference to make postoperative results more harmonious and natural. Method: To find out the anthropometrically referenced ratio of the calf circumference with mid-thigh circumference and upper thigh (gluteal) circumference, anthropometric databases and studies done on females addressing different ages, countries and races with average BMI (body mass index) were reviewed. Chosen studies should include the calf circumference, mid-thigh circumference and/or upper thigh (gluteal) circumference. Anthropometrically referenced upper and mid-thigh circumferences can be calculated preoperatively. Result: 64:92:100 was concluded as a pooled mean ratio out of nine different studies addressing the ratio of the calf circumference:mid-thigh circumference:upper thigh (gluteal) circumference. Conclusion: Postoperative anthropometrically referenced mid and upper thigh circumferences can be calculated by measuring the calf circumference and applying the 64:92:100 ratio. Markings are done intraoperatively using my innovated “Stab-Push-Pinch-Mark” or SPPM technique for drawing a rough surgical design, then tweaked using the anthropometrically referenced 64:92:100 ratio results.


Introduction
Thigh lift is a common procedure in plastic surgery. More than 10,100 thigh lift procedures were done in the United States in 2018 [1].
Thigh lift is a common procedure in plastic surgery. Surgeon's sense or tailor tack is mainly the methods used for designing thigh lift currently. This article is an attempt to find a method/a reference point to define the exact amount of redundancy needed to be excised.
Previously, I had an early attempt to apply the average anthropometric measures in brachioplasty in females. 85:100 is the forearm circumference to mid-arm circumference ratio that I have been using [2]. Thigh has a different structure from arm. In anthropometry, thigh is measured at different circumferences e.g. knee, mid-thigh and upper thigh or gluteal circumferences. Such differences have to be considered.

Background
Anthropometry reference measurements can be applied in designing thigh lift surgery. Classically, anthropometry binds lower limb various circumferences with muscle mass, weight and incidence of some diseases e.g. diabetes mellitus, cardiac diseases [3] [4] [5].
Calf circumference can be used as the reference point. Aesthetic thigh is not just about being tight without redundancies, but to look compatible with the calf.

Method
Inclusion criteria of studies: Anthropometric databases and studies done on females addressing different ages, countries and races with average BMI (body mass index) were reviewed. Chosen studies have to include calf circumference, mid-thigh circumference and/or upper thigh (gluteal) circumference measurement methods that follow the next measures: Calf: 1) The subject stands erect with their weight evenly distributed on both feet and legs slightly apart.
2) The measurement is taken at the level of the largest circumference of the calf. The maximal girth is not always obvious, and the tape may need to be moved up and down to find the point of maximum circumference [6].
Mid-thigh 1) The subject stands erect with the measured limb laterally elevated, on a chair or a table, in 90˚ abduction to avoid mistaken measurements by the redundant skin that will migrate downwards with gravity if the thigh is measured in a vertical position (Figure 1).
2) The circumference measure is taken at the level of the mid-point on the lateral (outer side) surface of the thigh, midway between the greater trochanter of the femur and lateral condyle of the tibia [6]. Upper thigh 1) The subject stands erect with the measured limb laterally elevated, on a chair or a table, in 90˚ abduction to avoid mistaken measurements by the redundant skin that will migrate downwards with gravity if the thigh is measured in a vertical position ( Figure 1).
2) The circumference measure is taken 1 cm below the gluteal line or fold (buttock crease) [6].
When recording, you need to make sure the tape is not too tight or too loose, is lying flat on the skin, and the tape held horizontal [6].
Exclusion criteria of studies 1) Male or mixed gender, statistics 2) Athletes 3) Current morbidities 4) Abnormal BMI groups 5) Different methods of measurement

Result
Nine studies were found fulfilling the above criteria. Mean values of calf circumference (A), mid-thigh circumference (B), upper thigh circumference (C) were compared and A:B:C ratio was produced, when possible, in Table 1. Application 1) Pooled mean was calculated for each variable (A, B, C) to put variation in sample sizes in consideration.
2) Results were as following: The subject stands erect with the measured limb laterally elevated, on a chair or a table, in 90˚ abduction to avoid mistaken measurements by the redundant skin that will migrate downwards with gravity if the thigh is measured in a vertical position (Figure 1).       11) Design a diamond shape that will be closed to form the new inner crotch line to defy postoperative vertical redundancy. Anchor the flaps to one stationary point or more e.g. pubic bone, inguinal ligament or adductor longus tendon to distribute the main weight and avoid secondary descent of the scars, and divarication of the labia majora (Figure 4).

Conclusion
Postoperative anthropometrically referenced mid and upper thigh circumferences can be calculated by measuring the calf circumference and applying the 64:92:100 ratio. Markings are done intraoperatively using my innovated "Stab-Push-Pinch-Mark" or SPPM technique for drawing a rough surgical design, then tweaked using the anthropometrically referenced 64:92:100 ratio results to make an anthropometrically correct thigh lift ( Figure 5, Figure 6).

Data Availability
The author confirms that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.