The Concept of Authenticity in Restoration Analysis of Monitoring and Restoration in the Authenticity Preservation of Cultural Heritage

It has been acknowledged that non-physical forms have a prominent role in the creating and maintenance of architectural heritage; therefore, it is vital to recognize these forms. Today, much attention has been focused on architectural topics such as sustainable architecture and utilizing passive energy. This has resulted in extensive developments in that field. However, the importance of concepts and values with crucial roles in representing the authenticity of a heritage should also be a matter of concern. Investigating these concepts could reveal a great deal about the vital role of non-physical form aspects of originality. Moreover, regarding the values, the subject of authenticity is the main emphasis of the global community in maintenance and restoration of historical places that can be interpreted according to different times, loca-tions, conditions, and specifications. In order to achieve this goal, Athens Charter in 1931 started an international movement to prepare the required international documents. Subsequently, the International Center for Study, Care, and Restoration of Cultural Assets was founded by UNESCO. Later, in a statement that became known as Venice Charter, the Second International Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings in 1964 determined the required solutions for restoration of historic monuments and sites. Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) introduced a widely accepted concept of the authenticity to the community of architects. The diversity and locality of values in the other charters with spiritual, cultural, social, economic, aesthetic, historical or scientific nature have also been considered (Bora 1996; St. Antonio 1996, the Charter of the architectural heritage of Europe Congress of Amsterdam 1975). On one hand, the former documents investigate the monitoring and the restoration of cultural heritage. Then, by separating qualitative and quantitative variables and weighting the criteria, the impacts of these two factors are examined for further discussion of the results.


Introduction
Regarding the values, authenticity is emphasized by global communities as one of the strategic categories and evaluation of preservation and restoration activities of historical sites. Authenticity is justifiable based on location and time, conditions and characteristics of different works. Authenticity was introduced in various charters of architecture such as the introduction of the Charter of Venice (1964), and the charter paid special attention to historical authenticity. However, authenticity was discussed in another document (1994 Nara Document publication) as a new concept in the preservation and restoration objectives and methods. Another statement discussing authenticity (statement of St. Antonio) emphasized on the process of preservation and management of cultural heritage and sustainable development. The concept of authenticity has attracted the attention of global communities since the late twentieth century, concerning buildings and historical monuments.
Experts in various fields tend to discuss about authenticity, since it is an interdisciplinary subject. The literature review concerning authenticity reveals that writers consider various aspects of it. However, the conducted surveys have so far failed to define the authenticity, properly. Absence of quantitative definition can enrich the studies or maintaining historical monuments and cultural heritage. According to many of the experts, authenticity can be studied only by the qualitative approach. Nevertheless, the quantitative data are sought in this study.
What has been taken into consideration so far is the historical authenticity based on the physical judgment dealt with in international recommendations and charters. Although maintaining the original documentation is very important, the relation between creation of a work and the cultural context for recognizing the work is considered as the basis for the authenticity, since architecture is the result of collective works.
Two main topics are discussed in this study, which are: Monitoring and controlling, as well as treatment on the preservation of the authenticity of the building and cultural heritage. Each of these two topics includes some main indices.
The outlined questions in this respect are as follows: 1) How is the effectiveness of monitoring and control on one hand, and treatment on preserving the authenticity of the building and cultural heritage, on the other hand? 2) Due to the fact that body of work is exposed to continuous erosion and transformation concerning climatic and functional conditions, what indicators can be defined for the authenticity of building and cultural heritage?
Some indicators are defined for each of the independent variables (monitoring and control) and dependent variables (treatment). Then, we shall prove the hypothesis by separating qualitative and quantitative indicators, and ultimately defining qualitative indicators and weighting the quantitative indicators.

Literature Review
By considering authenticity aspects: Theoretical basis, History and Theoretical Framework.

Authenticity from the View of Material Integrity
As the most tangible part of its appearance, constructional materials of a historical landmark are first historical evidence to the contemporary humans. In fact, the direct presence and immediate understanding of the materials transform them to the safest and most consistent historical evidences, to realize the truth of the work without any further interpretations. On the other hand, the direct physical connection of humans, as the creators of materials, gives a glorious reputation to the work that subconsciously leads in creating a sense of belonging to contemporary man, providing an intuitive understanding of truth (Hojjat, 2001: p. 85, andRahimzadeh, 2010: p. 257).

Surface as a Criterion of Authenticity
Designing an artifact in its most general concept is a way of visualizing thoughts and aspirations of the creators in the material form. This visualization, which covers a wide range of selection such as building materials, choice of appearance, adjusting the proportions and sizes, and finally combining all these features in a single product, gives a unique nature to the work, which is transformed by partial and small changes that damages the authenticity of the work. Therefore, preservation of the design authenticity indicates attempts in preserving all the details and finally their ratios with each other. When a historical building is not manipulated or repaired, its historical value will be increased.

Authenticity in Traditional Communities
The theory of Mulla Sadra's authenticity indicates that imagination of a fixed thought for a work is the only specific product of human mind functioning. He proposes "existence" as an objective fact and truth, extrinsically. In philosophy and ontology, authenticity means real and objective against delusive, imaginary, and crediting aspects. Authentic, in dictionaries and in common sense is something which is good, noble and honorable.

Definition and Terminology of Authenticity
In English, authenticity is used in conservation and restoration, as Oxford dic-  (McIntosh, 1976). This is a term that means "perfect match", "unimpeachable status", "reliable", "real", "unique" and "original and pure creative example". Hence, this term means the quality of an object in accordance with its claimed quality. It is also used to describe the creative work against duplication.
"Asl" [original], in Persian language means root and origin, and idiomatically, it means a person's ethnic and family origin that has root of individual major features and behavioral factors. Authenticity means having a root or decency basis; however, in the field protection and restoration, authenticity is considered as the truth of any object in connection with cultural, historical and natural context.
However, the point inferred from the terminology is that authenticity pays attention to the truth and importance of the work, i.e. it is highly regarded in the process of recognition and protection of cultural heritage; thus, authenticity is directly associated with values, while it is a value on its own, and it expresses the truth, importance and credibility of the work. It is a way to ensure about the true values associated with work and the attributed characteristics.
Therefore, as the basic concepts, cultural values are realized by measuring and assessing the situation and understanding the different aspects of authenticity.
However, this understanding depends on the creator of the work. Different interpretations and other aspects in the diverse cultural contexts show that understanding authenticity is not easy, and a rule or general framework cannot be considered for it. At the same time, every point of it should be considered and all of its aspects should be taken into account. Thus, we will first study the main aspects of authenticity and current challenges in this area, which are led in effective and identification methods in repairing and restoration of a work or construction. The intervention areas in it included the whole city, the land-uses and modernization; the intervention follows the protective-decorative technic; and the required methods of execution include reconstruction practices and renovation (Rajabi & Mozafari, 2011: p. 86

Theoretical Framework
Two main topics are discussed in this study to provide a theoretical framework for maintaining the authenticity of different works and constructions. Monitoring and control as well as treatment can be effective in preserving the authenticity of the building and cultural heritage. Each of these two topics covers four main indices. Indicators for monitoring and control are defined by material aspects (aggression to views), visible horizontal lines of buildings or open spaces, air and noise pollution and the economic, social, and cultural dimensions. Four considered indicators for treatment include constructive form and material, sense of belonging, the capability of the architect, preserving local arts and attracting public participation.

Reviewing Two Different Views about Authenticity in the Nara Document and the Charter of Venice
• Scholars in Asian countries and other traditional societies have considered Venice charter to be "Europe-oriented", lacking the capability to judge about protective measures in their countries. • Observing these criteria is contradicted with the process of maintenance of large number historical buildings which have a dynamic presence in the traditional ethnic groups. • According to the Nara Document, "Authenticity" and "the trueness of work" are equal. • Authenticity based on loyalty is a complex issue which is in contrast with the material integrity, depending on the subjective arbitration.
• Instead of the structural integrity due to a theoretical inclination, the Nara Document and relativism crisis provide diverse location and time-based interpretations.
• Reviewing various criteria used for the authenticity of constructions shows concentration of each of them on a limited number of characters.

Authenticity Indicators
Authenticity is a feature of the cultural heritage, and therefore, understanding it is considered a historical matter. This should not be exclusive for a unique aspect, and it should be based on a critical judgment of the whole complex. The point that is mainly considered is the historical authenticity based on physical judgment of the work, which is dealt in international recommendations and charters. Although preserving the original document is very important, the relationship between the creations and cultural context is of great importance for understanding the impact authenticity since architecture is the result of collective works (Bolkhari Qehi, 2015: pp. 189-204).
Facts about the works and constructions at the time and also during the creation, and when they are known to be evaluated should be transparent, to its possible extent, regarding to the fact that the body of work is exposed to erosion and successive transformations, in terms of climatic and applicable conditions.

Historicity and Substance
This classification of authenticity points out to the material aspect of authenticity, which refers to various issues such as materials, technology, periods, and physical and historical development, as well as other items relating to material.

Creativity and Continuity of Tradition
Creative process occurs in a historical period and with a certain theme. Regarding the time and location circumstances of the creator(s), this process relies on the imaginations and understandings. The available things are easier to be identified and whatever is beyond these values needs more time to be understood by the community; however, new understandings are required for future generations and using extrinsic features gain imitating aspects, and the past imitation leads to mockeries rather than gaining values, which is in contrast to the authenticity. This is the way that generations learn to understand the values. In this respect, we experience two main issues, i.e. change and continuity, of which a logical interaction should be gradually formed between then.
An important point in continuing the tradition is imitating the past experiences, which is quite different with that of today. Imitation or duplication in the past was considered as a part of the production process (Falamaki, 2004: p. 52). Many of the norms of aesthetic techniques were used by earlier experts.
These techniques transferred from different generations were considered secrets of learning, providing innovation in the course of time. Therefore, there used to be a creative interpretation of various concepts even in seemingly similar techniques. This point, which could be frequently seen in architecture and other arts, led to developments and eminence of a method or framework. Even in the final stage, a wider context was created for creativity and diversity, which is quite different from imitation (copying) that is used today.
Thus, traditional and cultural backgrounds in using historical methods are considered as the part of authenticity for the restoration and repairing activities.
In societies where this tradition has been lost in them, the use of templates as well as other cultural backgrounds makes the construction far from its reality and authenticity (Talebian, 2003: pp. 562-574). The point in authenticity to be considered is the different dimensions related to human actions and art productions, such that the art works should be regarded as living creatures, in which time has happened for them continuously. Therefore, observing all the characteristics of cultural and artistic features of a construction over time and in different periods of its life reveals that the construction has gone through various situations.

Values and Cultural Diversity and Environmental Systems
Another indicator of authenticity aspect is the cultural diversity and environmental system. It is emphasized in the Nara Document that the cultural diver- This aspect of authenticity indicates the natural structures such as plant coverage and especially the intangible aspects of culture, such as language and other cultural structures, in dealing with the constructions including pilgrimage nomadic routes and certain places such as holy places and other important and dynamic system such as the water supply system.

Indicators for Preserving the Authenticity of Cultural Heritage
"Historical values" is a general set of values deposited by the creation of a work, which result apart from the historical continuity of it in the creation process.
Preserving the specific quality of authenticity can be assessed from two definite aspects. The first aspect is received in four main forms, i.e. "materials", "plan", "relationship with the physical substrate", and "skills"; the second aspect is in the

Historical Values Resulting from the Construction Process and the Design of the Work
These values are resulted from the construction process of the building and therefore, they are associated with factors and elements subjected to this process.
In this regard, the work is evaluated by reviewing human thoughts and demands in the form of an artificial work (Talebian, 2010: pp. 365-373). Evaluating "the quality of ideas" and "quality of constructions" are two main strategies in this assessment and reveals the aspects of its historical values:

The Quality of Idea the Work
The assessment of forming the work, in fact, means the perception and evaluation of the ideas and aspirations beyond the material body. In this sense, whatever the desires and needs causing the authentic work conforms with the basic human ideas and requirements, the idea of forming the work is more authentic, more correct, and richer. It can be seen from this general and abstract interpretations that the diagnosis of measuring the conformities with the wishes and needs is a very difficult task, since the authenticity and richness of human aspirations are not precise, as if they are defined relative to the worldviews of human beings. In other words, the quality is absolutely intuitive that is not reckoned by regulating certain factors. However, some of the specifications and characteristics can be help through partial and limited approaches. We can recognize the aspects of authenticity and richness of the underlying ideas in cultural heritage.
We followed the "tradition" of the most important features on the richness and originality of the idea of the work, since tradition is the inherent product of desires and deep-rooted needs. In fact, the survival and continuity of traditions can be the main indication of their rightfulness and richness.

The Quality of the Work Design
Assessment of the quality of a construction design is known as quality of de-

Nonrenewable Historical Values
In this article, the authenticity and reality of a historical construction is not limited only to the primary hard stage, and in fact it is the result of all features that the work gradually received in the course of the history via the set of circumstances and developments. In this sense, all the developments occurring in the course of work history are considered as a part of the reality and regarded as "authentic". Thus, the "authenticity of historical building" is not reduced to the deposited features at the time of its creation, involving all the transformations which took place during the course of its history known as "cultural heritage".
However, by the time it occurs, and due to the changing relations of man with the work and consequently the role of humans in connection with the work, from a pure user to the one who protects the work, outside the normal course of life, any transformation in the work is as a human production, which distorts the original nature. Thus, it can be concluded that any transformation after consideration of human artifacts as a "cultural heritage" is regarded as a "disturbance".
The evaluation of the rate of "disturbance" is one of the necessities of preserving the authenticity of the work, guaranteeing the verification of the historical implications. The combination of these effective factors results in the following points:

Non-Disturbance of the Materials
Authenticity of a construction is the most precious aspect of it, which is directly related to the intrinsic values, and is not renewable whatsoever, since materials of a historical building have differences in their nature with the construction materials, getting the notion only in relation with past human beings and the Therefore, since any damages and replacing materials vanish such values, preserving the authenticity is possible only with careful and sympathetic preservation. Moreover, as much as the work is not manipulated for the assessment of the capabilities of the construction, the work can have greater richness and historical values.

Non-Disturbance (Integrity) of the Design
Preserving the authenticity of design means dedication in keeping all the non-renewable details, how to deploy these details and their relationship with each other. Moreover, as much as the work is not manipulated for the assessment of the capabilities of the construction, the work will encounter greater richness and historical values.

Non-Disturbance (Integrity) of the Construction Relations with Its Physical Substrate
The relationship with the physical substrate implies the interaction of building with its surrounding environment. Understanding the truth of interaction between the construction with the physical substrate and its authenticity lies in the range of scrutinizing identification of the surrounding environment. Thus, as much as the work is not manipulated in assessing the capabilities of the construction, the work shall have greater richness and historical values.

Non-Disturbance of the Skills
Like other physical features, a construction is unique and inimitable due to its non-renewability. Moreover, as much as the work is not manipulated or repaired in assessing the capabilities of the construction, the work shall have greater richness and historical values.

Categorizing the Authenticity Indicators in the Reconstruction and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, According to the Research Hypothesis
One of the issues that often arise in the subject of authenticity in cultural heritage is justifying and explaining the scope of reconstruction. The certain point is that the reconstructions without having sufficient evidence and historical documentation would be questionable in terms of authenticity, especially when it affects visuals and technically complex implementation of the work (Samadi, 2003: p. 60). Venice Charter has emphasized only minor cases and with credible evi- 3) "The rate of air pollution relative to PSI or pollutant standards index" based on the following indices and calculation of the effects on the physical body is used instead of the indicator "air pollution". a) "Determination of noise pollution in terms of decibels" is considered for the distance of hundred meters. 4) Instead of "public participation", we use the number, amount, and the type of public assistance to maintain the construction.

Weighting of the Indicators
A questionnaire with five-point Likert spectrum scale was administered to analyze the data, to convert the qualitative responses to quantitative ones: 1) Frequency response for each option is determined in each index.
2) Frequency of each option is multiplied by its weight.
3) The results of multiplications are added together.
4) The resulting number is divided by the number of respondents, the rate of which is considered as the terms of weighted average of the index.
The process for the ten indicators (measures) was conducted through a questionnaire. After calculating the score for each indicator, the amount of the utility will be specified. It allows researchers to determine the amount of utility. To determine the utility of each three-part index, a three-part spectrum was used according to the 5-point scale questionnaire with three scales including favorable, relatively favorable, and unfavorable.

Operational Definition of Intervention
 Economic, social, and cultural dimensions: • Emphasis on enough required attention to rapid deformation and/or growing cities, natural landscapes, and heritage routes • Highlighting the need for official recognition, supporting, and proper development of the heritage • Reduced threat of deformation against perfection of authenticity and values  Sense of belonging: • Make a distinction between new and old sections • In such a way that the human spirit still remains, creating the "sense of belonging" to the contemporary human.  The ability of architect: • Minimum physical intervention in the construction due to the ability of producing architect of the work Quantitative Definition of Intervention Intervention in Arabic language is interference in entering someone's work and interferes in the affairs of others. These words have a negative connotation that is somehow associated with entering in what sense is unjustified; the unjustified aspect is because the intervention has transformed the natural trend of the phenomenon (positive or negative), diverting it from the usual route.
This word is also used to protect specialized position. Open sense of involvement is along with the changes in the construction, "so that any changes in the current situation of the construction is interpreted as the intervention" and "any changes or modifications, repair and maintenance of historic environments are called intervention" (COTAC, 2009). Advances in Anthropology Therefore, the clear intervention in the protection field of historical constructions indicates entering in the natural process of work life and performs actions for the required modifications to them. However, in the new protection culture "intervention indicates any activity which causes disruption, invasion or changes in the work" (ICOMOS, New Zealand, 1993.

The Operational Definition of Variables Based on the Weighting of the Indexes
According to the above definitions, authenticity in constructions is "integrity in the constructing form and substance of the work, the ability of architect, keeping tradition, and preserving the indigenous arts and public participation in maintaining the authenticity of cultural heritage, as the most important measures.

Summary
Relying

Conclusion
The following issues are taken in to account in this article: The effect of variables for monitoring and control on one hand, and on the other hand, treatment on preserving the authenticity of building and cultural heritage conducted through ten main indexes. In this research, in order to find the traces of the two independent and dependent variables presented in ten indicators and by separation process of quantitative and qualitative indicators, we also provided an operational definition for quality indicators and weighting of the quantitative indicators. This research aimed to answer the question regarding the actual influences on variables preserving the authenticity of constructions. According to the indices for each of the independent variables (control) and dependent (treatment), we separated qualitative and quantitative indicators, and finally, the required hypothesis is proved through defining the qualitative and weighting indicators and considering the quantitative indicators. The research was conducted through a questionnaire and score of each index was determined. After calculating the score for each indicator, we specified the amount of the utility of it. It allows researchers to determine the rate of utility by selecting the stronger indicators. To determine the amount of utility, a three-part spectrum was used with five-point scale, of which the favorable, relatively favorable and unfavorable conditions were considered.
In terms of climatic conditions and located functions, the body of work exposed erosion and dynamics of transformation. Hence, the authenticity of a construction and cultural heritage can preserve their dignity and discover the reality of the work at the time of creation, and the required criteria can be evaluated during the life of work and when the work or construction has found its identity. Accordingly, in this research, the authenticity of indexes could be found in the following three fields: