Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Community Associated with the Chewed Feeding Waste of Red Palm Weevil in Infested Date Palm Trees

Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is considered one of the most damaging insect pests of date palms in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Large scale infestation of RPW to date palm trees leads to excessive feeding activity of the RPW larvae, which is carried out by microorganisms present within RPW and producing a wet fer-menting material inside the trunk. Culture dependent-bacteria were isolated from feeding waste and identified by the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene using 8F and 1492R universal primers. Among the culture-dependent isolated bacteria, 80% were identified by comparing 16S rRNA gene sequence in NCBI database, using BLAST program in GenBank. 85% of the identified bacteria were Gram-positive while the rest of them were Gram-negative. A high abundance of bacteria were from the Bacillaceae family and sixteen different species of Bacillus were identified in comparison with NCBI GenBank. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of identified bacterial strains have been submitted to GenBank. The phylogenetic relationship was studied using 16S rRNA gene sequences, the Gram-negative bacteria came in one clade while Gram-positive different Bacillus sp. and strains showed evolutionary closeness to each other and accordingly, they came in one major clade under three different sub-clades in the phylogenetic tree. The findings of new Bacillus strains in the natural habitat of the date plam trees in the Kingdom of Bahrain, pledge a vast area of research on RPW bio-control research arena.


Introduction
The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is considered one of the most extensively dispersed and invasive pest of different palm genera around the globe while date palm is one of them [1]. RPW was first reported on coconut palm trees (Cocos nucifera) from South and Southeast Asia in the late 1980s. Gradually, the pest expanded its spread to the Middle East, Mediterranean basin, Africa, Europe, Australia, Caribbean islands and USA [2] [3] [4] [5]. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera, L. Arecales: Arecaceae), is socio-economically important monocotyledon woody perennial plant in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Currently, the main threat of the date palm trees in the country is the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). The red palm weevil (RPW) is an invasive wood-boring insect that has caused severe damage since its first introduction and attack of date palm trees in the mid-1990s in the Kingdom of Bahrain [6] [7]. The RPW is one of the most destructive pests of date palms, the major fruit tree of arid, tropical and subtropical areas [8]. RPW is considered one of the serious pests for many palm species in the world, and withstand extreme weather [9] [10].
Being a boring insect, adult RPW penetrates the date palm stem and feed on it. Insect infestation alters the health of palm trees by making hollow tunnels with brownish waste inside the trunk and finally kills the trees. So, the severely infested palms are susceptible to collapse [11]. The attack of RPW leads to the death of date palms within 6 -8 months if untreated [12]. Wood feeding is known for their complex associations with a variety of microorganisms [13] [14]. The substantial environmental and economic injury caused by this insect may be partially attributable to the symbiotic association of bacteria [15]. The gut microbiota of weevils harbor rich communities of symbiotic bacteria, play an important role in weevils digestive system and nutrient absorption [16] [17]. Moreover, there is a report on the seasonal variation of weevil gut microbiota [18].
RPW larvae eat heartily within the apical growing point of the palms and produce wet fermented chewed waste material inside the tunnels and creating extensive damage [19] [20]. A healthy, unfermented palm sap contains glucose and sucrose and lacking organic volatiles [21]. However, when it is exposed to bacteria, they use this sugar as substrate to produce fermented chewed waste that contains alcohols, ethyl esters, carbolic acids, acetate and Sulphur compounds and cause the unpleasant odor of the palm sap [22]. The feeding activity of larvae is mediated by facultative and obligate bacteria with fermentative metabolism was reported [14] [15]. The isolation of three different Bacillus spp. was the only report from RPW infested date plam plants in Egypt [23]. Despite the huge damage caused by RPW and its larvae in date palms, very little is acknowledged internationally with no study about microbiota of its habitat in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Therefore, the study of the microbial community in the habitat of the RPW needs investigation that may help the development of biological control measure of RPW population in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The identification of microbial community by using amplification of 16S rRNA: encoding DNA (rDNA) or 16S rRNA by PCR has revealed immense phylogenetic diversity [24] [25] [26]. The 16S rRNA molecules are of valued phylogenetic marker for microorganisms because of their universal distribution, constant function and sequence variation [10] [16]. Therefore, the goal of our study is to identify the culture-dependent bacterial community using PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA region and sequence analysis from chewed waste of RPW, collected from infested date palm trees.

Sampling of RPW Chewed Waste
The chewed waste of RPW ( Figure 1)

Processing of Chewed Waste for Culture Initiation
One gram of chewed waste was homogenized in 10 ml sterile distilled water fol-

Culture of Bacteria
Inoculum from three different dilutions was plated on PDA and LBA media. All plates were incubated at 37˚C for 72 hrs. Different bacterial colonies were clearly observed on all the plates (Figure 2(a)). Bacteria from the individual colony were isolated and sub-cultured separately in corresponding PDA and LBA media overnight (Figure 2(b)).

Storage of Bacteria
Bacteria from each individual colony were further allowed to grow in LB broth and incubated on shaker at 37˚C at a speed of 150 rpm for overnight growth. Culture from each isolate was stored in 50% glycerol and stored in −80˚C for further use.

Identification of Bacteria
At the first step of identification, all of the bacterial isolates were examined morphologically using standard Gram staining technique. Stained slides of bacteria were differentiated as Gram positive/negative class of bacteria using microscopic technique under (100×) with oil immersion.

Extraction of DNA
DNA was isolated from freshly grown overnight culture. The genomic DNA was isolated using kit (XG-2411-00), following the manufacturer's instructions. The purity of the extracted DNA was confirmed by 1% agarose gel by visualization of DNA bands.

PCR Amplification of the 16S rRNA Gene
Isolated DNAs of all bacteria were amplified with 16S rRNA specific universal primers 8F and 1492R ( Table 1). The amplification was carried out in ABI Veriti Thermal Cycler at initial denaturation 94˚C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94˚C 30 sec, 52˚C 30 sec, and 72˚C 1 min, and a final extension at 72˚C for 7 min (Table 2).
1.2% Agarose gel was used to check the PCR amplified products. After visualization of amplified products under UV light using the gel documentation system (Zenith Biosciences, Figure 3(a), Figure 3(b)) were processed further for sequencing.

Sequencing of 16S rRNA Gene
PCR amplicons were purified and sequenced using BDT v3.1, cycle sequencing kit on ABI 3730xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA), bi-directionally using 8F and 1492R primers. The sequencing used was set as 95˚C for 3 min and 25 cycles of (95˚C for 5 sec, 55˚C for 5 sec, and 60˚C for 4 min). Sequences were aligned using Codoncode aligner.

Analysis of Sequences
The obtained 16S rRNA gene sequences of each isolate were used to carry out the BLAST analysis in NCBI Genbank database. Based on the maximum identity score, using multiple alignment software program ClustalW, sequences were compared. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of successful isolates were deposited in GenBank (Table 4).

Gram Stain and Bacteria
RPW feeding waste contained an average of 1.2 -1.9 × 10 9 CFU/ml of bacteria in the serially diluted culture used for study. Twenty four culturable bacterial isolates were studied by Gram staining, among which 16 were Gram-positive ( Figure 4(a)) and 8 were Gram-negative (Figure 4(b)). Gram-positive bacteria appeared as a purple-colored stain (Figure 4(a)) by taking crystal violet stain after washing, due to thick peptidoglycan layer of their cell wall. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the crystal violet stain after washing, due to their much thinner and sandwiched nature of peptidoglycan layer of their cell wall (Figure 4(b)).

Identification of Culturable Bacteria from Chewed Waste of RPW
DNA were isolated and PCR amplified from all the culturable bacteria using 16S rRNA specific universal primers 8F and 1492R for identification as mentioned in   Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b) (only two different bacteria has presented). But, the bidirectional DNA sequencing products of PCR amplicons (1500 bp) of different bacterial isolates varied in sequencing results from 1316 bp to 1461 bp and showed in Table 3. Bacterial DNA isolated from chewed waste of RPW was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence by BLAST alignment in NCBI site. The success of obtaining of sequence was 91.66% in this study. Bacteria were identified based on maximum sequence identity level in GenBank. Finally, 79.16% bacteria were identified using the BLAST program in reference to GenBank accession numbers (NCBI) which have been presented. The level of sequence identity percent varied from 94 to 100.

Identified Bacteria and Phylogeny
The 16S rRNA gene sequence of identified bacteria has been submitted to NCBI GenBank and their sequence size, name and accession numbers have been presented in Table 4 to Phylum Firmicutes and Gram-negative bacteria were of Proteobactera from three different families. The molecular phylogenic affinity was analyzed using sequences of 16S rRNA and a phylogenetic tree was constructed in Figure 5. The  . Molecular phylogenetic affinity analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of organisms isolated from feeding waste of RPW larvae inside the trunk of date palm tree in Kingdom of Bahrain. The evolutionary history was inferred using Neighbor-Joining method [27]. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.29047318 is shown. The phylogenetic tree is drawn to infer evolutionary distances. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method and are in the units of the number of translational substitution per site, while codon positions included were 1 st + 2 nd + 3 rd + Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. The analysis included 16 nucleotide sequences and evolutionary analysis was conducted in MEGA 7 [28].
phylogenic relationship and evolutionary history was drawn using neighborjoining method [27] in MEGA7 software [28]. sis using NCBI site with comparison (Table 3 and Table 4). Comparison of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence has characterized as a preferred genetic technique to identify poorly described, rarely isolated, or phenotypically aberrant strains of bacteria from any source [29] [30]. Sequence identity searching, specifically using the BLAST program in NCBI, is the most widely used and most reliable, for identifying and characterizing newly determined sequences with great reliability [31]. Among the culture-dependent isolated bacteria, 80% were identified by comparing 16S rRNA gene sequence in NCBI database, using BLAST. Among the identified bacteria, 85% were Gram-positive while the rest of them were Gram-negative. A high abundance of bacteria from the Bacillaceae family of Firmicutes phylum and sixteen different species of Bacillus were identified in comparison with NCBI GenBank. Other Gram-negative bacteria belong to Phylum Proteobacteria of three different families.

Identified Bacteria and Phylogenetic Relation
The  [32]. Several Bacillus sp has great medical, biotechnological and economic importance [33]. They are resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, oxidizing agents and desiccation, due to spore production, which is an important condition for their adaptation to different ecological niches [34]. The identified organism B. tequilensis strain MPF-A2 showed a 99% sequence identity with B. tequilensis strain HBUM07078 and Bacillus subtilis strain 5723. Similarly, B. tequilensis sp. nov., showed close realation with Bacillus subtilis [35]. In another report, B. tequilensis GYLH001 regarded as endophytic bacteria and was used as biocontrol agent of fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causing rice blast [36]. Moreover, Bacillus altitudinis P-10 worked as potential bioprotectant against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, isolated from rice rhizosphere in Java, Indonesia [37]. B. altitudinis, B. xiamenensis and B. pumilus are the phenotypically and genotipically very closely related species and they produce acid from cellobiose, glucose and mannose [38]. B. aerius and B. stratosphericus are recognized as enzyme producers with probiotic activity inindustrial uses [37]. Several Bacillus sp. viz. B. megaterium, B. laterosporus and B. sphaericus were isolated from natural habitats associated with RPW insect-damaged date palms in Egypt and their bioassay showed 40% -60% killing of RPW larvae in feeding study [23].
Considering the huge economic and environmental damage caused by RPW, some attention has been paid to the efficacy of different chemical and biocontrol strategies [39] in regard to several bacterial species to use as biological control [10] [20].
In the phylogenetic study, the Gram-negative bacteria came in one clade while Gram-positive Bacillus sp. showed evolutionary closeness to each other and accordingly they came under one main clade with three different sub-clades in the phylogenetic tree.

Conclusion
Red palm weevil (RPW) is one of the major insect pests of date palm. In the current study, different bacteria were isolated and identified based on 16S rRNA sequence from the feeding waste of RPW. The identified strains of bacteria are mostly different species of Bacillus. As different studies showed the great significance of Bacillus spp. in infection control, this study intensifies the searching of new biocontrol agent of RPW pest management program.