Analysis of Decoupling of Economic Growth and Resource Consumption in China’s Marine Fishery

The marine fishery resources are declining with the increase of fishing intensity, and the sustainable development of marine fishery economy has become the focus of attention. In this paper, the economic loss of marine natural fishery resources is taken as the undesired output. The SBM model is used to evaluate the economic efficiency of marine fisheries in 11 provinces and cities in China’s coastal areas from 2004 to 2015. Based on this, decoupling theory is adopted to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution pattern of marine fishery economic efficiency and resource consumption in various provinces and cities. The results show that: 1) Based on the perspective of time and space, the economic efficiency of marine fisheries in 11 provinces and cities along the coast of China is polarized and has not been effectively improved, indicating that the level of fishery economic development in China’s coastal areas is unbalanced; 2) Based on the overall perspective, the overall economic efficiency of China’s marine fisheries is low, indicating that China’s marine fishery economy is developing at a slower rate; 3) Based on the perspective of decoupling theory, the economic efficiency of marine fisheries in China and the consumption of fishery resources have shown a trend in the research period. The structure of China’s marine fishery industry, which is dominated by traditional fisheries, needs to be adjusted.

(data from the legal and regulatory information base). Overfishing has been effectively controlled to a certain extent, but China's fishery economy is mostly concentrated in traditional industries, and the fishery economy is inefficient.
Large-scale fishery resources development leads to serious pollution in the sea area, and undesired output from fishery economic production activities, it has hindered the development of China's fishery economy. The sustainable development of fishery resources is in urgent need of scientific analysis. Through the research on the literature, it is found that the fishery resources are significantly affected by the government's administrative intervention in the process of fishery economic development (Till, 2010). The government can help the development of fishery economy through financial policies and administrative laws to promote the improvement of domestic fishery economic efficiency. Among them, Kleih et al. (2013) analyzed the financial support of developing countries, and believed that the development of the financial system can improve the economic development of small and medium-sized fishermen's businesses. Brick et al. (1994) analyzed the risk attitudes of a large number of people in various fishing communities on the west coast of South Africa, and found that fishery policies could significantly influence the awareness of legal evasion of female fishermen. Zengin Fawzi et al. (2018) explained the importance of regional sea area cooperative management by analyzing the status of fishery fishing in the Black Sea region. The above-mentioned literature mostly analyzes the development of fishery economy through the perspective of management, and does not make a detailed analysis of the economic efficiency of fishery.
The analysis of the economic efficiency of fishery can effectively analyze the fishery economy through the technical and economic efficiency layer: Yang & Zhou (2014) Xu (2015) studied the level and regional convergence of green growth of Marine fishery under the constraint of environment in China, and confirmed that China's Marine fishery economy is an extensive type of economy. The growth rate of green total factor productivity of dynamic Marine fishery in most provinces and cities is far lower than that of Marine fishery GDP. Gao & Chen (2003) based on the scarcity theory of resources, confirmed the continuous reduction of offshore fishing grounds and Marine fishery resources and the decline of the economic efficiency of fishery production factors, which has become the main factor restricting the sustainable development of China's marine fisheries.
Based on the traditional DEA model, the efficiency relationship between production factors and expected output (generally the total output of fishery economy) is mainly studied from the perspective of performance evaluation of input and output of Marine fishery economy or the development level of fishery economy. It is worth noting that the Marine environment pollution caused by fishery and its related industries is becoming increasingly serious, which seriously damages the economic benefit of fishery. Therefore, it is more objective and scientific to consider undesired output, such as pollution, when measuring the economic efficiency of fisheries. This paper constructs an SBM-DEA model

Variable Selection and Data Source
The accuracy of measuring the efficiency results using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method depends to a large extent on the input and output indicators used in the evaluation process (Zhang et al., 2017). In terms of input indicators, according to western economics, land, labor and capital are usually the most basic factors of production (Gregory Mankiw, 1977). In terms of marine fishery economic input indicators, marine fishery economic development is highly dependent on resource endowments and marine environment, so the input of marine resources and environment is crucial for the development of marine fisheries. Drawing on the existing research results (Guan et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2010;Chen et al., 2014), considering that the traditional fishery industry still accounts for a large proportion of China's marine fishery industry structure, In terms of output indicators, the total output value of marine fisheries is selected as the expected output. In marine fishery activities, not only the expected output will be produced, but also undesired output such as wastewater and waste will be generated, causing certain losses to the output value of marine fishery.  Table 1.

Non-Expected Output of SBM Model
Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) has proven to be a very effective tool in measuring the efficiency of decision-making units (Charnes, Cooper, & Rhodes, 1978).
The application of the traditional DEA method mainly focuses on radial or angle models such as CCR (Charnes, Cooper, & Rhodes, 1978) and BBC (Banker, Charnes, & Cooper, 1984). The output of these models is mostly based on desirable output, and not adequately consider the redundancy and relaxation of inputs and outputs, it also fails to accurately measure the efficiency values when there are undesirable output (Zhao et al., 2016).  (Tone, 2003). We used the SBM model proposed by Tone that considers undesirable output can be expressed as: The variable in the formula (1)

Decoupling Theory and Its Model
Decoupling is widely used in different fields. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) initially applied the concept of "decoupling" to the field of agricultural policy and analyzed the interrelationship between policy and trade and market equilibrium. The World Bank then introduced the concept into the resource and environment to analyze resource consumption and the decoupling between environmental pollution and economic growth.
There are three main methods of decoupling measurement in the academic world: one is the decoupling factor proposed by OECD; Secondly, the decoupling elastic coefficient proposed by Tapio; Thirdly, the decoupling evaluation method based on IPAT equation. Due to Tapio decoupling elastic model is more suitable for analysis of resources and the relationship between the economic development, this paper adopts the model decoupling fishery resources degradation and economic growth model was constructed and fishery resources use efficiency and economic growth "hook" model, discusses the 11 provinces, coastal fisheries resources and economic growth exist concrete development trend of space and time differentiation (Kleih et al., 2013).
The specific model is as follows:

Analysis of Spatial Temporal Differences of Economic Efficiency
Based on the above model, we used MaxDEA 6.4 software to estimate the economic efficiency of marine fishery considering the undesirable output (SBM) in the 11 coastal provincial-level areas from 2004 to 2015 (Table 2). The results showed that the overall economic efficiency of marine fishery was at a relatively low level during this period.     Table 3.

Decoupling Time Series Analysis
According to the results of the decoupling calculation, during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, 1) The economic growth of China's marine fisheries and the consumption of fishery resources are absolutely decoupled, that is, the growth of the fishery economy is based on the consumption of lower fishery resources. It shows that China's fishery industry structure is relatively reasonable during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, and the contribution rate of fisheries secondary and tertiary industries to fishery economic growth is relatively high.
2) The analysis results also show that the utilization efficiency of fishery re-  3) The consumption of fishery resources and economic growth have fallen back to a relative decoupling state. The consumption dependence of fishery resources has increased compared with the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period. Due to the continuous decline of natural fishery resources, the catch of fishery farming has been increasing, resulting in the total amount of fishery catches. Substantial growth. The "13 th Five-Year Plan" will control domestic marine catches to within 10 million tons, while in 2016 China's marine fishery catches will be 1328.27 tons. It is necessary to control the catch, control the number of fishing vessels, and reduce fishermen to achieve the "13 th Five-Year" fishery. Planning objectives.
4) The utilization efficiency of fishery resources and economic growth are still absolutely linked. Although the total amount of fishing continues to increase, the cumulative effect of the ship-to-production policy during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the base of fishing vessels during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period. With the reduction of the total labor force of the fishery, the "one increase and two reductions" keep the state of fishery efficiency and economic growth absolutely linked.

Decoupling Spatial Sequence Analysis
Combined with the decoupling degree criterion and the decoupling results of fishery economic growth and fishery efficiency in the coastal provinces of the eleventh province, the analysis is as follows: 1) During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the fishery consumption and economic growth in China's coastal areas are relatively decoupled: Tianjin and Hainan provinces and cities, the state distribution is scattered. Hainan is at the edge of relative decoupling, close to absolute decoupling; Tianjin has used its economic progress to complete the absolute decoupling process of fishery consumption and economic growth. After the implementation of the policy of shifting production to the industry during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the number of areas where fishery consumption and economic growth showed relative decoupling during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period increased to four, namely Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan. Although Hainan is still in a relatively decoupling state, it has a tendency to turn into an absolute link. It shows that the growth of the fishery economy has begun to deviate from the dependence on resources, and the effect of promoting the sustainable use of resources, such as the conversion of production and transformation, has been highlighted. Due to the implementation of the relevant policies of the government to change production and environmental protection, some fishermen have successfully switched production to work, and the efficiency of labor has increased, resulting in an absolute decoupling of fishery resources and economic growth

Conclusion
In this paper, the SBM model which considers undesired output is used to measure the economic efficiency of marine fisheries in the coastal provinces of