Emotional Stress: The Dialectics of Nature

The article considers the biological nature and origins of emotional stress. Emotional stress is primarily formed within the mental activity of the brain in the form of pronounced negative emotions. The “Dynamic Theory of Emotions” characterizes the development of a continuous negative emotional state in conflicting behavioral situations when the subject is unable to satisfy its strong dominant need for a long time. The emotional stress is represented as having a dual nature, i.e. a biologically negative pathogenetic effect on health, but a positive impact on the adaptation of individuals, self-preservation of life, and evolutionary change in species.


Introduction
The concept of stress as a general non-specific adaptive syndrome of the body was first formulated in the works of H. Selye [1] [2] [3]. According to H. Selye's definition, stress is a reaction that arises as a nonspecific response of an organism to the action of extreme, adverse environmental factors, or "stressors", that are pathogenic agents, toxic and foreign substances, physical factors, and other inappropriate influences. According to its biological purpose, stress has an adaptive focus, and activates protective mechanisms to prevent the pathogenic effect of adverse factors on the body.
Stress is characterized by a dual nature that is adaptive and pathogenetic.
Stress develops through a series of successive phases: anxiety, resistance, and exhaustion. The body reacts differently to stressful effects in different phases of stress. In the phase of anxiety, primary stress reactions appear. In the phase of resistance, the body enhances its protective adaptive functions that contribute to

The Origin of Emotional Stress
Primary emotional stress is formed in the mental activity of the brain as pronounced, prolonged negative emotions arising in a conflict behavioral situation [4] [5] [7] [8] [9] [10].
Systematic dissatisfaction with the results of behavior, associated with the lack of the subject's ability to achieve an adaptive result, generates a continuous negative emotional stress.
The "Dynamic Theory of Emotions" formulated by us describes the sequential development of positive and negative emotions at different stages of purposeful behavior, taking into account the changing relationships of predicted probability and real achievement of the result, as well as individual characterological personality traits [11] [12].
The "Dynamic Theory of Emotions" characterizes the appearance of a continuous negative emotional state in conflicting behavioral situations when the subject is unable to satisfy its strong dominant need for a long time.
You can define the concept of emotional stress as a complex of psycho-emotional and somatovegetative reactions of the body that arise in a conflict behavioral situation when humans and animals cannot satisfy their leading biological or social needs [10].
The development of emotional stress depends on the individual subjective perception of the proneness to conflict in the prevailing behavioral situation. A conflict situation arises only when the individual perceives it in this way.
In our experiments, it was shown that rats forced to stay in tight cases, under conditions of immobilization, experienced emotional stress. However, if the rats voluntarily climbed in and stayed in the same cases within the same time, fleeing from electrodermal impact, then they did not experience any emotional stress.
The physical condition of rats in these two situations was the same, but their subjective attitude to their position was different, and this explains the fact that when the rats stayed in the cases of their own free will, as if in a burrow, they did not experience emotional stress [13].
It should be noted that with full satisfaction of all the needs and vagaries of the individual, a negative emotional state sets in, characterized by emotional "sa- It is unlikely that humanity will ever solve all these problems and avoid emo-

Biologically Negative Role of Emotional Stress
Emotional stress, as well as stress (according to H. Selye), is nonspecific in relation to any kind of conflict situation complex of reactions affecting vital physiological functions [12] [17] [18].
Emotional stress may cause serious psychoneurotic reactions [16] [21]. It was noted that individuals exhibit excessive emotionality, irritability, excessive suspiciousness, anxiety, suspicion, a tendency to prolonged emotional experiences; sleep is disturbed, disability is reduced, and memory is impaired. Emotional reactions lose their plasticity and cease to be adequate factors in mobilizing behavior to satisfy a specific adaptive result.  During emotional stress in the emotional structures of the brain, changes occur in the content of the main mediators such as norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin. The most pronounced change in catecholamine content during emotional stress occurs in the hypothalamus and is characterized by a decrease in norepinephrine and an increase in dopamine content [13] [23].
In the effector realization of emotional excitations, the main role is played by hormonal mechanisms, and primarily the pituitary-adrenal system [8] [19] [24]. Thus, emotional stress is a systemic multi-level reaction of the body to a conflict situation [26].
The presence of social programs, the upbringing of a social culture, and the development of healthcare aimed at reducing emotional stress and preventing physiological functions caused by stress will not be able to completely eliminate emotional stress. However, this does not mean that it is not necessary to prevent emotional stress, and to prevent its detrimental effect on the life and health of people [16] [27].

Biologically Positive Role of Emotional Stress
When studying emotional stress, the average method for analyzing the manifestations of emotional stress is used, which does not allow us to identify individual-group differences in the body's reaction to a stressful situation.
In our studies, when studying emotional stress, we used the method of individual analysis of the physiological reactions of individual animals, which allowed us to identify the mechanisms of resistance and adaptation to stress that certain animals possessed [28].
As it turned out, in conflicting behavioral situations, different individuals exhibit different resistance to emotional stress, which is characterized by maintaining the stability of vital functions of the body [13] [19].
Resistance to emotional stress is determined by the severity of the classic ma- It has been established that rats that are resistant and susceptible to emotional stress manifest selective changes in biogenic amines in the emotiogenic brain structures [3].
Resistance to emotional stress depends on genetic and individual development factors. In our experiments, it was shown that in the conflict situations of the same type, animals of different pure lines and nonlinear animals exhibit different individual resistance to emotional stress [13] [26] [29].
One can observe adaptation to chronic stressful effects, in which the body passes from a pathogenic reaction to an adaptation state.
An important condition for adaptation during emotional stress is the body's ability to restore normal levels of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus, increase its content in the midbrain, and also increase dopamine levels in the hypothalamus, midbrain and medulla oblongata [23].
The positive role of emotional stress is manifested in its adaptive capabilities. The formation of stability and adaptation to a stressful situation is a positive factor in emotional stress.
The adaptive role of emotional stress helps overcome obstacles to achieving a useful adaptive result, and self-preservation of the body in conflict behavioral situations.
Adaptation during emotional stress in a person can occur at the level of mental, conscious brain activity, in which a person finds adequate behavioral ways to solve or avoid a conflicting behavioral situation [12] [27].
The sequential development of phases of emotional stress in individuals does not occur the same way. An individuality is observed, which depends on many factors: on the severity of the conflict situation, on the subjective perception of its significance, on the characterological traits of the person, on the degree of development of emotional stress, on individual resistance to stress, and on the ability to adapt.
In the same conflict situation, it can be seen that in some individuals the stress will be limited to the adaptation phase, while in others the phase of exhaustion will appear.
In different phases of emotional stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system functions differently. The activity and physiological effects of stress hor- can also have a stress-protective effect; particularly, glucocorticoids prevent ulceration in the stomach during immobilizational emotional stress [24].
The positive role of emotional stress is manifested in the activation of creative abilities in various human activities. The stimulus to creativity is often social, moral, domestic dissatisfaction. Often such a stimulus takes form of unrequited, unhappy love. An ideal, comfortable, materially excessive environment, as a rule, does not contribute to creative activity. To one degree or another, creativity is always associated with emotional stress.
A discussion is underway, is the evolutionary development of man and animals still happening or stopped [30].  Obviously, the effect of emotional stress on older people of non-childbearing age is less significant for the evolutionary process.
Existing social programs and modern health care have limited opportunities to compensate for negative processes caused by emotional stress, and therefore cannot significantly affect the evolutionary role of emotional stress [16] [27].
Due to emotional stress, biological self-regulation of the species abundance and its evolutionary change through natural selection, and the preservation of individuals most resistant to emotional stress, occurs.
Along with stress, the evolution of the human species is affected by demographic mixing of races, modification of the population, extinction of certain animal species and the related redistribution of all interspecific relationships and their survival conditions-all that leads to the elimination of individuals not adapted to modern conditions.
Thus, emotional stress is one of the factors in the modern evolution of species.
As you know, evolution took place over millions of years. The current evolution is not visible due to the short duration of the observation period available to us.

Conclusions
Emotional stress arose as a result of biological patterns of nature. At its core, emotional stress is inevitable, and it cannot be completely excluded from the so-  The formation of stability and adaptation to a stressful situation is a positive factor in emotional stress in the evolutionary process of survival and conservation of species.
Due to emotional stress, biological self-regulation of the species abundance occurs and its evolutionary change happens through natural selection, due to the self-preservation of individuals most resistant to emotional stress and elimination, predisposed to emotional stress of individuals.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.