Anharmonic Potentials Analysis through the Floquet Representation

We propose an approach based on Floquet theorem combined with the resonating averages method (RAM), to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation with a time-periodic Hamiltonian. This approach provides an alternative way to determine directly the evolution operator, and then we deduct the wave functions and the corresponding quasi-energies, of quantum systems. An application is operated for the driven cubic or/and quatric anharmonic as well as for the Morse potential. Comparisons of our results with those of other authors are discussed, and numerical evaluations are performed, to determine the dissociation energy of (HCl) and (CO) molecules.

known perturbation theory [1] [2] [5] [6], the variational method based on the squeezed states [7], Lie algebraic method using canonical transformations [8] and multiple scale method [9] which have been developed and introduced in some special cases of the time-dependent harmonic and anharmonic oscillators in the presence of an external excitation force, to obtain the evolution operator of these systems which in turn enables to find the explicit expressions of quasi-energies and wave functions. In the regime of strong field-matter interaction, a non-perturbative approach, based on the quantization version of the Floquet formalism [10] [11] [12], has been developed and applied to describe physical systems with time-periodic Hamiltonians. This was used to give explanation of various phenomena, including multiple high order harmonic generation in intense laser field [12], multi-photon ionisation [13], and to describe the motion of a charged particle in an oscillating electric field [14], etc. Our motivation consists especially in solving the problem of a quantum system driven by a periodic time-varying force. The key feature of the application of Floquet theorem is that it permits the reduction of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation of the system to an equivalent conservative eigenvalue problem. It is an efficiency tool in the case of a system submitted to strong time-periodic field, and consequently for which the usual stationary states, solutions to the time-independent Schrödinger equation when no external field acts, do not exist [4]. These derived quantum steady states, lead to set correspondences with stationary states of conservative systems [12] [13].
In previous works, we have applied the above mentioned approach, to the case of harmonic oscillator with time-periodic frequency and to the simple forced harmonic oscillator [15]. Thus, some properties of the Floquet states for this system were elucidated. Moreover, we used resonating averages method (RAM) [16] which provides a useful tool for constructing the evolution operators in a whole resonance zone, which enabled us to obtain readily steady states and the associated quasi-energies of the time-periodic Hamiltonian of these systems. In this work, we apply our method, to first and second ameliorated order approximations, to some driven anharmonic potentials. A comparison of our analytical results with those of the literature was made and numerical evaluations, allowed calculation of the maximum vibrational quantum number to estimate the dissociation energy for the (HCl) and (CO) molecules.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review the basic formulation of our approach. Section 3 consists of its application to the driven cubic and quatric anharmonic oscillators, and to the Morse potentail expansion. In Section 4, some comparisons of our results with those of other published works are presented and discussed and an example of numerical evaluations was performed for the (HCl) and (CO) molecules. Concluding remarks are given in Section 5.

Basic of the Proposed Approach [15]
A quantum system that is submitted to a perturbation may be described by the Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics and ( ) In the interaction picture, ( ) U t satisfies the following differential equation A unitary transformation T(t) may be applied to Equation (3) to obtain the so-called reduced equation of the system such as, The application of the RAM to Equation ( The determination of the solutions ( ) ( ) 1a I U t and ( ) ( ) 2a I U t Equations ((8), (9)) and a comparison with Floquet representation of Equation (2), enabled us to obtain the first and second order couples ( ) ( ) ( ) , a a R T t , and thence the quasi-energies

Driven Cubic Anharmonic Oscillator
The Hamiltonian of the considered quantum system is given by the following µ ω Introduction of the creation and annihilation operators a + and a of the unperturbed Hamiltonian [15] allows to write The RAM applied to the interaction picture form of ( ) )) gives where Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics (8), we obtain the evolution operator to the first ameliorated order such as By comparison with the formulation of Equation (2), we deduce the first ameliorate order Floquet operators (R, T(t)), such as: Thus, the quasi-energies, Floquet states and wave functions developed to the first order respectively are: E t a n t c n c n n c n c n , e a n i E t a n n n n n n q t c q c q q c q c q where the coefficients 1 c ± and 3 c ± are given by Using Equation (9) and with the help of Equations ((13), (14)) one can write the second ameliorated order evolution operator and deduce the Floquet operators ( ) 2 We note that the correction effects on the quasi-energies to second order approximation, and the Floquet shift levels depend on the amplitudes ( ) 1 , µ µ , of the perturbations and the quantum number n.

Driven Quatric Anharmonic Oscillator
We consider the system which Hamiltonian is given by,   Following the previous procedure given in the subsection 3.1, we obtain the time evolution operator, then the quasi-energies and Floquet states to the first ameliorated order, for this system, respectively such as,   We note that the correction on quasi-energies of this system exist to first and second orders, and the Floquet shift levels depends on the parameters ( ) Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics and the quantum number n, which means that these energies levels are not equidistants.
We also note that in the absence of the cubic and quatric anharmonic perturbations ( 1 2 0 µ µ = = ) we find the Floquet states and quasi-energies of the simple forced harmonic oscillator [15].

Morse Potential Expansion
The Morse potential ( ) V q , is the agreed model for diatomic molecules and is given by [6]  The difference between two adjacent Floquet levels for the cubic and quatric anharmonic oscillators are given by, We note that when n increases E ∆ decreases, until becoming equal to zero when the energy level reached the dissociation energy of diatomic molecular system, then the quantum number takes the maximum value max n .

Comparisons and Numerical Evaluations
In the previous paragraphs we have developed calculations to first and second orders, and presented a number of results of the quantum anharmonic oscillator (Floquet states, quasi-energies). Table 1 compares our results with the works, of some other published works that used perturbation theory method.

The coefficients ( )
B n , are given by Equation (15) in page (77) of the reference [5].
We observe in Table 1 that our first order states of the anharmonic (cubic and quatric) oscillator are similar to those obtained by the application of the stationary perturbation theory given in the work of Wang et al. [5]. We also note that our quasi-energy expression to second order for the anharmonic oscillator agreed with those obtained by Wang et al. [5]  The states Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  Let us consider the values of the parameters corresponding of (HCl) and (CO) diatomic molecules given in Table 2, The derivative of Equation (42) Table 3.

Conclusions
The Floquet theory is one of the most useful tools which provides an alternative way for solving the Schrödinger equation of quantum systems with time-periodic Hamiltonian. In this paper, this approach was applied to driven quantum anharmonic oscillators. We have given the Floquet operators, solutions of the Schrödinger evolution equation, with the help of the RAM applied to first and to second ameliorated orders approximation and then we have calculated the Floquet states and the corresponding quasi-energies as well as the wave functions. Indeed, the approach used in our study determined, in a natural way, the explicit expressions for the time-dependent states of the anharmonic potential systems. It can be noticed that when we switch off the time-perturbation, we obtain the conservative energies of the cubic and the quatric anharmonic potential, and that the energy levels spacing decrease with increasing values of n and allows us to estimate the dissociation energy of the molecule. The comparisons of our expressions with published works by other authors, which have used different methods [1] [2] [5] revealed a good concordance, and the numerical evaluation carried out for the values of the parameters of (HCl) and (CO) diatomic molecules, illustrated clearly our results. This approach can be a useful tool to solve the Schrödinger equation of other types of driven timedependent quantum systems. Therefore, it can be applied to investigate transitions between excited states and evaluate the dissociation energy of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. The goal of future work will be the application of the established approach to the driven Mathieu oscillator.
: Eigenstates of the operator R.