Nurse’s Perception of Barriers to Research Utilization in Hospitals; Comparative Descriptive Study

Background: Although the number of studies on research utilization is steadily growing, but still there is a strong need to identify the main causes that inhibit the use of research findings in the clinical setting. Aim of the Study: To assess nurse’s perception of barriers to research utilization in Saudi Arabia and Palestine Hospitals. This study focuses on medical and surgical nurses in private hospitals. Method: A convenient sample of 156 medical nurses, from 6 general private hospitals, 3 from north Palestine and 3 from Riyadh City (KSA). Results: Out of 180 nurses employed from private hospitals, a total of 156 questionnaires were returned (response rate 86.67%). Results in a final sample size for analysis of 156. The demographic characteristics, age, gender, hospital, role on health care team, clinical experience, marital status, education degree, and current certified in a special area of respondents are shown in Table 1. Their mean age was 29.41, about half of them below 6-year clinical experience 77 (49.4%). Although around 90 (57.7%) of the participants from Palestine hospitals and 66 (42.3%) from Saudi Arabia hospitals, almost half of them their education (diploma) 85 (54.5%). In addition, 114 (73.1%) were female, 85 (54.5%) have current certified in a special area, and 140 (89.7%) respondents worked as staff nurses. Regarding perceptions of barriers to research utilization, the results of the barriers show in the total scale a mean of 3.15 out of 5 f (SD = 0.55; 95% CI 3.05 to 3.23). The subscales of setting and research were the highest one (mean = 3.22, SD = (0.63), and the lowest one is “nurse” (mean = 2.95, SD = 0.75). Conclusions: The main barriers of research utilization in practice for nurse are nurses themselves, the setting in the hospitals and research in its process and findings. How to cite this paper: Fashafsheh, I.H., Ayed, A., Mohammed, J.A. and Alotaibi, Y.A. (2020) Nurse’s Perception of Barriers to Research Utilization in Hospitals; Comparative Descriptive Study. Open Journal of Nursing, 10, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2020.101001 Received: September 24, 2019 Accepted: January 4, 2020 Published: January 7, 2020 Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Introduction
Research is a field that always there is new information rising [1]. Research utilization is the process of synthesizing, disseminating and using research to make changes in nursing practice and can be used to support clinical decision-making [2].
Apart from the efforts of research evolution aim at bridging the gap between theory and clinical practice, the translation of nursing knowledge into practice is called research utilization [3].
Research utilization continually expresses concern about whether nurses use the available research evidence to guide their clinical practice. Researchers are gaining into process of diffusion and utilization of new knowledge through, innovation and utilization and disseminate research findings to potential users including researchers and clinicians [4].
Many health care settings push for the development of evidence-based practice, because most health care providers do not apply basic sciences and clinical research [5].
Evidence-based practice was described as integration of individual clinical expertise with the best available external expertise, clinical expertise is skills that clinician develops over time through practice and experience. The ultimate goal of evidence-based practice is to use the best quality of knowledge to provide a greater impact on patient's health [6].
Nurses may have a positive attitude towards research-based practice, but to transfer evidence of research into practice remains remain slow [7]. This due to possible factors influencing nurses to successfully transfer and implemented research evidence in practice such as lack of financial support, staff shortage, poor communication and over dependent of nurses on physicians in making decision about patient care [8]. Insufficient time on the job to implement research findings and inadequate time to read research considered as primary barrier [9].
There is often a gap between theoretical knowledge and it is applied upon practical area [10]. Evidence-based practice and research utilization are concepts related to the identification, utilization and application of knowledge from research findings to clinical practice [11]. The focus should be upon manipulating factors at work place as well as learning environment that leads to less cost of health care and decrease patients suffering [12].
Research environment should contain the development of policies such as guidelines, clinical setting protocols and procedural manual based on the best available nursing information [13]. Literature showed several factors that facilitate nurses to utilize research findings; those factors mainly related to nurse's  [14]. Literature also showed three common barriers lack of time, lack of authority and language barriers. Some barriers are related to language like the use of English language in research publication, which is a barrier to none English population besides, lack of coordination between education institutions and clinical settings [15] [16].
There is a complex set of skills required to utilize research findings, for nurses reading habits; most of clinical nurses read journal monthly [17], even though most of the nurses practices are based on their experiences and not on research findings [13], while Australians nurses likely to read research journal usually, and Turkish nurses attended conferences at least once per year. Nursing research publication is not widely read by clinical nurses [18] there is a real barrier between nurses' attitude and research knowledge, sometimes, the main barrier is nurses' negative attitude towards research [19], they have inadequate knowledge about research utilization, this due to absent or limited of basic research knowledge [20].
In more than 10 studies conducted in research utilization in practice, organization support was cited as top barriers [21] besides, insufficient authority to change in practice [4]. Among registered nurses, the top three barriers were "inability to do research "lack of time to conduct research and apply finding of research [10]. Another study showed the top barriers to research utilization were "lack of access to research expertise lack of physicians support to change practice and lack of time for research [22]. Individual factors like beliefs, attitude, socio-demographic and professional characteristic may affect research utilization [19], statistical knowledge and appraisal of research findings cited as the most common personal barriers [23]. Literature also mentions other individual factors as, lack of training, lack of incentive especially in terms of career development, influence of opinion leaders and lack of motivation [23]. Lack of organization support is considered as the most common barriers to research utilization in many recent studies [21] [24]. Barriers related to organization setting include team, diffusion roles, poor leadership and absent of appropriate performance measurements [25], besides lack of nurses' authority which is consider as the top greatest barrier [26], and they need collaboration among manager's academics and practitioners to overcome this barrier. Limitation of financial support leads difficulty in applying the research findings which usually needs materials and equipment [27], in general, many factors face organization setting as lack of support or incentive for clinical practice development, poor multi-professional teamwork and poor access to research or data base access [28].
Significance of the study: Despite the spread of nursing research, there is still poor utilization of research findings into clinical practice [29]. From our experiences and clinical ob- Exclusion criteria: Practical nurses and staff nurses with less than 3-months experience. Tool: The data was collected using a modified Barriers to Research Utilization Scale Ethical consideration: Every participant in the study received an explanation about the purpose confidentiality of the study. Participation in the study was voluntary and all data and information's gathered is strictly confidential and is not to be accessed by any other without prior permission from the participants, moreover, the participant had the right to withdraw at any time if he or she can't complete the questionnaire.

Results
The aim of this study was to assess nurse's perception of barriers to research uti- Regarding perceptions of barriers to research utilization, the results of the Barriers Scale and its 3 subscales are shown in Table 2. The scores ranged from 1 to 5, with a mean of 3.15 for the overall score (SD = 0.55; 95% CI 3.05 to 3.23).
The subscales of setting and research were the highest one (mean = 3.    Table 3. and their rank order. The top one was pertaining to the "Setting," while the bottom two items were all pertaining to the "Nurse." Comparisons of groups of nurses: Significant statistical results were found for different subgroups of nurses in The nurse is unwilling to change/try new ideas. Nurse 39 (25.0) 18 The nurse feels not capable of evaluating the quality of the research. Nurse 32 (20.5) 19 *Two items had the same percent ranking. **Three items had the same percent ranking. ***Four items had the same percent ranking.  range of from 2.82 to 3.30). After pair wise comparison, scientific degrees of Diploma had higher scores compared with those of Bachelor and with Master in both the total scale and two subscales (Setting and Research). Nurses with scientific degree of Master achieved higher scores than those with Diploma and Bachelor in "Nurse" subscales, the lowest scientific degree the higher the barriers' scores. The results indicate that scientific degree is a significant factor influencing perceptions of barriers.
2) Compared with Nurses from different hospitals, those from Palestine hospital or Saudi Arabia hospitals hadn't significant differences of both the total scale (t = (155) = 0.10, p < 0.924) and subscales (Nurse, Setting, and Research). This indicates that no differences between Palestine hospitals and Saudi Arabia hospitals towards Nurse's perception of barriers to research.

Discussion
The results of this study suggest that there should be a comprehensive short and long-term strategy to promote research utilization in the subscales of the study (Nurse, Setting, and Research) to overcome barriers that negatively affects or inhibit the application of research results in practice. Individual factors like beliefs, attitude, socio-demographic and professional characteristic may affect research utilization [19], statistical knowledge and appraisal of research findings cited as the most common personal barriers [23]. The recent study showed that the more experience the less application and awareness of research utilization and more barriers perceived of this group. This goes with the results of the study titled (barriers in implementing research among registered nurses working in the care of the elderly: a multicenter study in Spain) [30], nurses who obtained their nursing degree more than 10 years ago was in had higher level of barriers that the newer generations who received more training and awareness of research through the curricula offered by their nursing schools, and this result was shown in another study by [31].  [23]. Lack of time is the major barrier related to organization setting, this may be due to shortage in the numbers of nursing staff particularly in private hospitals, and the nurses are under pressure and workload [10].
The results of the current study showed that there is some consistency across studies regarding how nurses perceive barriers in different countries and the barriers identified by nurses did not seem influenced by culture, or other factors.
The barriers remained relatively stable over time

Conclusion
Findings of this study suggest the necessity of nurses regular reading of the research articles, the higher level of searching skill on research documents, a clear understanding of evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP), beliefs and, particularly, high level of professional autonomy. These findings highlight the importance of educational preparation and provide fundamental information to health care managers and administrators in developing actual educational programs for nurses working in clinical settings and at the same time to support nurses in their efforts to change according to research findings. However, more studies about this important issue are needed on a regular basis trying to minimize the barriers. Open Journal of Nursing 2) The nurse is isolated from colleagues with whom to discuss the research.
3) The nurse does not see the value of research for practice.
4) The nurse is unwilling to change/try new ideas.
5) The nurse does not feel capable of evaluating the quality of the research.
6) The nurse feels the benefits of changing practice will be minimal 7) The nurse is uncertain of whether to believe the results of the research 8) The nurse sees little benefit for self 9) The nurse is isolated from knowledgeable with whom to discuss research 2-Setting 1) Insufficient time on the job to implement new ideas.
2) The nurse does not have time to read research.
3) The nurse does not feel she/he has authority to change patient care procedures.
4) The nurse feels results are not generalizable to own setting. 11) The conclusions drawn from the research are not justified.