On the Issue of Bilingualism in Terms of Independence of Uzbekistan

This article examines the theory of bilingualism: types of bilingualism, the causes of bilingualism and development of national-Uzbek bilingualism in the context of the national independence of Uzbekistan. According to the author, development of bilingualism in various forms is an important factor in strengthening national consolidation, enhancing the economy and culture of Uzbekistan. The author analyzes the theoretical, historical and socio-poli-tical aspects of development of bilingualism.


Introduction
Bilingualism is a very complex phenomenon that is comprehensively studied in such disciplines as philosophy, linguistics, psychology. Numerous studies and scientific works of well-known foreign scientists, such as L. Scherba, G. Vereshagin, U. Weinreich, V. Avrorina, and Zalevskaya, are devoted to the problem of bilingualism. But many of them have different, contradictory opinions that it is important to study, systematizing them. Among them, the problem of the correlation of cultures in the formation of culture of bilingualism has been studied very little.
Bilingualism-a common phenomenon in modern society, associated with the movement of ethnic, political, geographical factors. The intensity of international relations, the free movement of capital and labor, information, cultural and political integration require knowledge of two or more languages. This is important for obtaining education, work or activities in another country [1]. In the current period, when the mixture of peoples, languages and cultures has reached unprecedented scope, and more than ever the problem of raising tolerance for foreign cultures, awakening interest and respect for others, bilingualism in intercultural communication acquires extraordinary importance. The term bilingualism from Latin means "bi"-two, and "linqua"-language. In special literature, the concept of bilingualism has many definitions. Combining these definitions, bilingualism means the simultaneous use of two languages. For example, if U. Weinreich calls "bilingual practice the alternate use of two languages" [2], then Rosenzweig defines "Bilingualism is usually understood as the possession of two languages, regular switching from one to another depending on the situation of communication" [3]. The commonality of data definitions by linguists is that the simultaneous free use of languages is not focused on how widely used is the second language, but on the practical use of communication. Scientists distinguish different types of bilingualism: individual and social bilingualism (for example, in countries with two state languages). For example, E. M. Vereshagin distinguishes three levels of bilingualism: receptive (a type of bilingualism in which an individual who speaks a second language understands it, although he cannot synthesize text in a given language), reproductive (an individual can reproduce what he read and heard in that language on which he perceived them) and productive (the ability not only to understand and reproduce, but "to make up meaningful statements") [4]. In the theory of bilingualism the causes of the emergence of bi-and polingvism, that is, social sources are studied [5]. Various contacts: 1) the mixed coexistence of different nationalities on the same territory. In the same city can live a few dozen or hundreds of different nationalities who have not forgotten their native language. In neighboring regions, near the borders, the number of people speaking two languages is growing. In some countries (Switzerland, Canada) the people who can communicate freely in two or three languages make up a large number. There are also countries in which linguistic inequalities can be traced which sometimes lead to serious conflicts.
However, despite the conflicts, bilingualism also inevitably develops; 2) there is an increase in bilingualism as a result of political conflicts, wars and labor mi-

Materials and Methods
Uzbekistan is known as a multinational state. Uzbek as a state language should serve as a means of inter-ethnic interaction, to unite and consolidate the peoples  Greek and Latin, they became geniuses of their time for careful study and development of scientific, artistic, philosophical works created in these languages.
Therefore, it was not for nothing that scientists said that this was the era of the "Eastern Renaissance." By knowing many languages, they became acquainted with the socio-economic development and culture of other countries and, thanks to their works, they introduced our country to the whole world by their masterpieces.
There is no consensus among scientists on how bilingualism affects thinking.
In In the opposite situation, the impact of bilingualism is negative and is called subtractive bilingualism [7].
Considering the issue of the impact of bilingualism, most researchers emphasize the importance of language proficiency [7]. J. Cummins put forward an "interdependence hypothesis". He pointed out that if the child's first language skills and linguistic skills were well developed, the bilinguals would be able to use the skills of a language in the second language and use it successfully, and that the second language would be easily integrated (Cummins, 1991) [8].

Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that the development of bilingualism in various forms is an important factor in strengthening national consolidation and improvement of the economy and culture of Uzbekistan. In this regard, the necessary conditions must be created for the national-Uzbek bilingualism, that is, other people living in Uzbekistan, along with their native language, know the Uzbek language. This also follows from the law of Uzbekistan "On the state language" and directly depends on the fate of the future of the country. National-Uzbek bilingualism should be implemented voluntarily through sciencebased policies, while national languages should not contradict each other, but complement each other freely.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.