Analyzing the Capacity of Iran Non-Oil Exports to the Region No. 2 * Countries

To create global interdependence and also to emerge of a global village is as-sumed to be one of the most important effects of the structural transforma-tion in economy globalization phenomenon. With regard to the growing trend of this novel phenomenon and the necessity for a broad participation of countries in international arena depicted the role of countries in international competitiveness more effectively. This article reviews the capacity for Iran export (non-oil) to region No. 2, using the “gravity model” during the period 2011 to 2015. The estimated results indicated that Iran amongst countries in region No. 2 had the highest potential export to Iraq and the least potential allocated to Armenia. Moreover, the highest percentage of unused capacity of Iran belonged to Azerbaijan and the lowest unused capacity referred to Armenia.

iBusiness economic growth [1]. One of the most important problems of developing countries is monocularity and their reliance on the exporting primary and raw materials, which has left negative effects in the economic, political, social and even cultural structures. Whereas a large portion of Iran foreign exchange earnings is obtained merely by issuing one item or more primary and raw materials, whenever they are exposed to external pressures they tended to be extremely delicate and fragile (at least in the long run). Obviously, in such circumstances, any abnormal fluctuations in the price of this commodity or the limited commodities that made up the main income sources would have a profound effect on their economic, political, social and even cultural structures [2] The gravity model seeks to answer the question of why business relations are very strong among some countries. In order to answer this question, the variables in it (especially the gap variable and gross domestic product) are applied to highlight the causes of the development of international trade. Another advantage of this model is the business model test with availability and reliability of information, data controllability and the number of appropriate variables [3] Gravity models are an appropriate tool for estimating trade potential and widely used in international trade to describe a bilateral trade flow.
In the international economy, these models allow us to estimate bilateral trade potential at specific times and at the same time the exporting and importing countries perspectives can be foreseen. In fact, in the framework of this model, existing barriers and constraints can be introduced into quantitative and qualitative variables and their impact on bilateral trade can be investigated [4]. Iran has trade exchanges with 100 countries, about 40% of which are the neighbored countries which, if we add services, surely more share of the volume of trade between Iran and neighboring countries will increase.
For Iran in recent years, Iraq has been one of the main export destinations and always been at the top of the list of 100 major countries of exporting destination. According to the ITC statistics in 2015, Iraq has been exported to more than $ 5.8 billion and ranked second in Iran's export markets. Turkey is ranked seventh in the list of 100 exporting destinations countries, turkey non-oil exports products accounted for 3.18 percent of Iran's total export value. On the other hand, Armenia has imported $ 3 billion and $ 500 million from other Iranian neighbors, of which $ 8.4 million of (including $ 198 million in oil and gas) Armenia import referred to Iran market [5]. According to existing reports, Iran is the 15th largest exporter to Azerbaijan, the total amount of Azerbaijani exports in 2015 is $ 21.7 billion, and the positive annual trade balance of $ 12.5 billion indicated its high financial potential for imports from Iran. In 2015 Russia according to the same statistics, imported totally $ 177 billion goods from the world. Its trade balance was approximately $ 156 billion in 2015. Based on the Customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran reports, the export of goods from Iran to Russia in 2015 was equivalent to $ 240 million [6].
Currently, Iran domestic market facing a stagflation, which has a negative ef- fect on products competitiveness of in domestic and foreign markets, which ultimately restricts their sale within and outside Iran borders. It is necessary to diversify the country's economy and provide suitable solutions to reduce reliance on oil revenues and tend to non-oil exports spouting, which can lead to lower inflation, new job opportunities, growth of productive investment, and so on.
Hence, law reform especially in foreign trade sector, attracting domestic and foreign investment, as well as helping to strengthen the competitiveness of national economies in the international arena, is urgent to increase the share of global trade [1]. Therefore, the present study has been carried out considering the importance of non-oil exports, getting out of the oil-dependent economy, the necessity to increase the GDP-based revenue and exit from the Stagflation Iran's non-oil export capacity to five neighboring countries was reviewed.

Sample & Data Selection
In this study, the data covering the period 2005-2015 Iran's non-oil exports to five neighboring countries (Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iraq) from Trade Map website and the Iranian Customs Organization were used. Data on gross domestic product from the World Bank website and the distance between Tehran and capital of the trading countries have been extracted from the Indo website.

Model and Econometrics
The gravity model that we take under consideration and use with variations has long been used [13].

Analysis of Findings
Analysis of findings: According to theoretical foundations, we expect β 1 and β 2 to be positive. The sign β 3 and β 4 can be positive or negative. The β 5 sign should be negative, as expected. The sign β 7 and β 6 can be positive or negative and eventually the β 8 , β 9 and β 10 mark should also be positive. Now, after the model's approval phase, we are looking for the best way to estimate potential trade flows between countries in Region 2, which also includes individual effects for each trading country. In other words, it eliminates the heterogeneity bias.
According to similar studies, in order to select the appropriate method for estimating the model, the results of the F statistic and selecting between the fixed effect method and the random effects method are derived from the results of the Hausman statistics.
In this test, if H0 hypothesis rejected it shows there is a constant effect model and if H0 hypothesis accepted random effect model should be used for calculation. The results indicated as follows ( Table 2).
According to the results of the Hausman test, we cannot rule out the zero hypotheses on the compatibility of the coefficients. Therefore, the random effects method is chosen as a more efficient method. Also, in terms of R 2 , the random effects method has more explanatory power and this is another confirmation of the choice of this method. The F-index also shows a much higher rate than the fixed effects method in the randomized effects method.
The results of this estimation show that the coefficient of gross domestic product variables, which indicates the size of the economies of the countries, is statistically significant and has a sign.
When GDP of importing country and GDP of exporting country increased one percent, the volume of trade will increase by 1.8 and 0.07 respectively. The smallness of this figure in relation to importing countries is indicative of the rivalry of these countries in the business.
In the case of F statistics (Table 3), the probability of accepting the H0 hypothesis is shown in parenthesis. The country's population variable is negative, which indicates that with one percent population increase in exporting countries their bilateral trade volume is reduced by 1.61% while the coefficient for the population of the importing country is 0.74%. The negative coefficient of population in exporting countries suggests that the increase in population, increase   in the region. The existence of historical and cultural ties will also enhance the sense of identity and share common interests and destinies among member states in a regional order. Strengthening the sense of regional collective identity and the general belief in having shared destiny contributes to the formation of joint institutions in the region and facilitates the process of regional convergence.
As the statistics of Iraqi imports from Iran show, the distance variable is statistically significant and negatively as expected. The distance coefficient of −0.13 What links the countries of a regional geographic unit to each other is the existence of roads and networks. The member states of a regional geographic unit may be connected by sea or through land. The continuity of the member states of an open sea region is one of the ideal conditions for the transport of goods easier and cheaper with each other. The existence of a high sea between member states of a regional unit places them, in comparison with drought-bound countries, in a more regional context for regional convergence. Drought-affected countries are less likely to face major natural barriers. They can enjoy the benefits of geographical closeness for regional convergence. The export potential of Iran to the countries of region 2 is calculated using the results of the model.
During the study period (Table 4), Iran had the highest exports in Iraq, Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, respectively. Iran's greatest export potential is among the countries of Region 2 related to Iraq and the least potential is refer to Armenia.
The most unexploded export capacities of Iran, among the countries of region 2, belong to Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia and Armenia, respectively (32%) and the least unused capacity to Armenia (the highest percentage of unused capacity in Iran is also in Azerbaijan (80.1%) and the least unused capacity was allocated to Armenia (58.8%). totally, Iran's export potential to countries in the region 2 amounted to 22/201 billion dollars which only 7/490 billion dollar is used. In terms of these four criteria (existing export, export potential, unused

Conclusions and Suggestions
Based on the study findings, it would be better for Iran to establish regionally convergent with countries that enjoy higher incomes (respectively, Russia, Turkey, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Armenia) in terms of the income variable in importing countries (1.8).
Based on the coefficient of distance variable (−0.13), it is better for Iran to establish a regional convergence with countries closer to it (Azerbaijan, Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, Russia) Looking at the results of distance variable coefficient in importing country in order to sum up the trade preferences with the countries of this region, especially Russia and Turkey, due to the size of these coefficients and comparison of them, we conclude that the coefficient and effect of income variable on bilateral trade is far more than the distance variable, so the results of income variable are more important and the expansion of trade with Russia and Turkey, Iraq is recommended.
Looking at the figures, one can find that Iran's largest export potential is among the countries of region 2 to Iraq and the least potential belongs to Armenia. The most unexploited export capacity of Iran among the countries of Region 2 belongs to Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The highest percentage of unused capacity of the country is Azerbaijan (80.1%); the least unused capacity belongs to Armenia (58.8%). Overall, and Iran's export potential to countries in Region 2 was $ 22.13 billion, of which only $ 4.790 billion was used. In terms of these four criteria (available export, export potential, unused export capacity, and unused export capacity percentage), all five countries of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Armenia, Iraq are good alternatives for expanding trade cooperation.
The results showed that there is a high trade potential between Iran and any country in region 2. The expansion of trade with these countries and the creation of a trade blend could increase Iran's trade flows to these countries. In fact, with this process, Iran can take advantage of the static and dynamic benefits of trade creation.