Extrapolation of GLMs with IRKS Property to Solve the Ordinary Differential Equations

The extrapolation technique has been proved to be very powerful in improving the performance of the approximate methods by large time whether engineering or scientific problems that are handled on computers. In this paper, we investigate the efficiency of extrapolation of explicit general linear methods with Inherent Runge-Kutta stability in solving the non-stiff problems. The numerical experiments are shown for Van der Pol and Brusselator test problems to determine the efficiency of the explicit general linear methods with extrapolation technique. The numerical results showed that method with extrapolation is efficient than method without extrapolation.


Introduction
The two traditional numerical methods such as linear multi-step and RK methods had been studied separately to solve the problems in ordinary differential equations. General linear methods (GLMs) have been considered by Butcher as a unifying framework for both multi-value and multi-stage methods [1]. The researchers approved that these methods have a nice balanced between stability and accuracy with lower computational cost. The coefficients of these matrices denote the connection between various numerical quantities that arise in the computation. The coefficient matrix A denotes the implementation costs of GLM methods.
Consider the initial-value problem given by The general linear methods for N-dimensional differential Equations (1) There are some known methods that can be formulated as general linear me-A. J. Kadhim, A. Gorgey American Journal of Computational Mathematics thods given in the following [2].
First consider the RK methods given by Another example of Adams-Bashforth method that is given by can be written as formula of GLMs as follows: The researchers have been trying many ways to construct the efficient GLMs in solving the ordinary differential equations (ODE), such as [3]. They extended the exponential GLMs for initial value problems in solving the ordinary differential equations. They used feature of exponential, which allows deriving the order conditions of GLMs that in turn assisted in the construction of family of methods of higher order. The stability property is consistent with these methods but used the advantage of having smaller computational effort. Another example of using the effective of GLMs for solving the methods is explained by [4]. He used the GLMs for solving Volterra integro-differential equations. The article showed that GLMs are efficient in solving the nonlinear Volterra integro-differential equations. In [5], on the other hand had developed and generalized the Adams scheme which is known as Fuzzy GLMs for solving fuzzy differential problems under the generalized differentiable. They showed that the order of accuracy is more efficient than the novel scheme.
In this paper, the advantages of using the extrapolation technique with explicit GLMs methods are given for some non-stiff problems. The extrapolation technique provides one of the essential sorts of the numerical integrator to solve the ordinary differential equations within an efficient step-size control mechanism and uncomplicated variable order strategy.
The organization of this paper is as follows. Section 2 discusses the order conditions of GLMs with IRKs property, where the order conditions p considered is equal to stage order q. The construction of GLMs with IRKs property is given in

Order Conditions
There are challenges between the researchers to construct and implement the GLMs in an easy way. Most of them consider two main assumptions in constructing these methods.
First assumption is by denoting the order condition p equal to the stage order q. The stage values satisfied as follows: Second assumption denotes the quantities should have a simple structure passed from step to step in order to avoid the complicated of changing step-size. Therefore, the Nordsiek form is required to present the input and output quanti- In order to describe the order condition, then the following theorem is needed [6].

Construction GLMs with Inherent RK Stability
Construction GLMs with Inherent RK stability that was given by Will Wright [2] is by considering the stability of GLMs as same as RK methods, because RK methods have a good stability than other methods, such as linear multistep methods.
Wright constructed Inherent RK stability (IRKs) which is a subclass of GLMs.
In order to make the stability of GLMs similar with RK methods, first consider all the eigenvalue of the stability matrix The following definition is important to show the idea of IRKs for GLMs.
Definition 1 [2] The general linear methods have stability as same as RK methods if its stability function ( ) P ω satisfy the following The following theorem discusses the GLMs with IRKs in a more practical way [7].
Consider another stability matrix that have the same property of the old one that is given by

M I zJ M I zJ
By applying to the system of Equations (5) into the right side of (6) Now, by assume the matrix V has only one non-zero eigenvalue to guarantee the methods is stable, then the stability matrix ( ) M Z has also one non-zero eigenvalue.
In [8], they gave an improved explicit type of GLMs using inherent RK methods. They gave an algorithm for the construction, described as follows:  Choose the constant η in the stability function

Extrapolation Technique
Richardson [9] [10] introduced extrapolation as a powerful technique to improve the accuracy of time integration methods of numerical analysis and to accelerate the convergence of a sequence of approximation. Extrapolation technique applied to compute quantities which relied on a parameter like a step-size or mesh. This means, the extrapolation has been successfully applied to numerical ordinary differential equations and numerical quadrature equations. Chan [11] extended the theoretical analysis of extrapolation to arbitrary RK methods for stiff ordinary differential equations. He investigated the class of symmetric RK methods which contains h 2 -asymptotic error expansions and generalized the concept of symmetry to composite RK methods that preserve the h 2 -error expansion and also create the necessary damping. These methods have same upside to increase the order by two at a time on successive extrapolations. Later, Gorgey in [12] showed that passive extrapolation of the two stage Gauss method is more efficient than the active extrapolation for solution the linear problems. In [13], a new procedure to build stabilized explicit RK methods based on Richardson extrapolation with high order is studied. The strategy was easy and allowed deriving stabilized explicit RK methods with order as high as desired. However, for low order, the stability properties were a little shorter than other methods without this technique. They showed that methods do not suffer from propagation of errors nor internal instabilities.
Therefore, the extrapolation technique has an efficient way to improve the accuracy of GLMs with inherent RK stability. We use MATLAB code irks14-extrap.m that has extrapolation implementation of explicit GLMs with inherent RK stability.

Numerical Results
In this section, the results of numerical experiments obtained by the MATLAB code irks14-extrap.m are discussed. This code based on GLMs with inherent RK stability of order max 4 p = with extrapolation. To compare, it is also present the results obtained by the MATLAB code irks14.m. This code is based on GLMs with inherent RK stability of order max 4 p = , which is described in [8]. American Journal of Computational Mathematics  These results will show which one the most efficient methods to solve the non-stiff problems such as brusselator and Van der Pol test problems.
The first test problem is Brusselator (BRUS) which is an autocatalytic oscillating chemical reaction equation. It is a system of two ordinary differential equations which is assumed as follows  we can see the extrapolation of GLMs with inherent RK stability of order four gives better efficiency than same methods without extrapolation. Furthermore, the numerical results given in Figure 2 show the extrapolation of GLMs with inherent RK stability of order four gives also better efficiency than same methods without extrapolation for VDP test problem.

Conclusions
In this paper, we discuss some issues related to developing the construction of Explicit general linear methods with inherent Runge-stability for numerical solution of non-stiff differential equations. These issues include the application of extrapolation technique to this base method. As we can see from the results in this paper, the extrapolation technique with explicit GLMs with inherent RK stability of order four on BRUS and VDP test problems, both give better efficiency than explicit GLMs without extrapolation.
Future work will involve verifying the efficiency of extrapolation of explicit GLMs with inherent RK stability for higher order for numerical solution of non stiff differential equations as well as the implicit GLMs for stiff equations.