A Systematic Review of Problem Based Learning in Education

The implementation of problem-based learning method in education within various disciplines of knowledge cannot be denied. The method is able to improve the traditional learning paradigm accommodating to the 21st century learning. The main aim of this review is to investigate the findings of studies related to the disciplines involving Problem Based Learning and its effects on education. The study uses a systematic approach analysis and synthesizes 43 articles from the year 2015 until 2018 including peer review articles and full text articles from ERIC and Google Scholar. It shows that the quantitative approach is the most used research method in investigating the disciplines applying PBL and the effects of such method towards education. This review involves various levels of education that use PBL as a method of teaching and learning. Overall, the results of this study show that Mathematics education is the discipline that uses PBL the most in teaching and learning. By and large, 95% of its users believe that PBL has positive impacts towards education and can be used as an alternative method at any level of education.


Introduction
An effective teaching and learning process is able to create a fun learning environment in the classroom.Previous studies have shown that an effective teaching method is one of the factors that strongly influence the pupils' achievement in learning (Missildine, Fountain, Summers, & Gosselin, 2013).In addition, the diversity of teaching methods and strategies can help pupils to undertake the process of problem solving, understanding theory, using knowledge and skills in solving problems (Schultz, Duffield, Rasmussen, & Wageman, 2014).If the teachers are able to deliver the content effectively, then the quality of learning can be increased besides being able to encourage active participation among pupils.Pupils will be actively explored, instilling values, acquiring knowledge, skills and shaping themselves to be competent humans.Problem-based learning (PBL) is one of the methods that can be used to endorse active learning based on the social constructivism concept (Allen, Donham, & Bernhardt, 2011).Various studies have been carried out to analyze the role of this method in improving the quality of learning involving skills to generate a variety of ideas in order to create practical and effective solutions (Chuan et al., 2011).Moreover, this method is a new philosophy and manifesto in the education world that can be implemented either in primary or secondary level (Hmelo-Silver, 2004).This method is also a form of a learning approach, which can create active pupils during the learning process.This is because pupils are capable to acquire knowledge and exchange ideas with other friends.This is exceptionally different from conventional and traditional methods where the acquisition of knowledge is only one-way between teachers and pupils.In addition, this method is also seen as a form of learning that cultivates inquiry method by giving emphasis to the problem, the problem solving and the collaboration with other pupils in solving the problem (Savery & Duffy, 2001).The method is not one that uses a direct modus to resolve the problem but rather involves a process of preparation (Graaff & Kolmos, 2003), which refers to the development of planning and delivering content-oriented problems and real life problems as a stimulation to increase pupils interest to solve it.There are three key features within the method namely real life problems, group-based process and pupils control.It is also construed as a system of teaching and learning built simultaneously between problem-solving strategies and knowledge based (Barrows, Tamblyn, & Barrows, 1980).Kilroy (2004) on the other hand stated that this method focuses on the issues or problems that became the starting point of the learning process.Thus, this method has helped to increase students' ability in terms of self-directed learning, critical thinking (Osman, 2013), team working skill, leadership qualities and collaborative learning (Ansari, Rahman, Badgujar, Sami, & Abdullah, 2015).The method has spread out and has evolved to be used at various educational institutions around the world, not just in health science, but also in other fields such as pedagogy, engineering, nursing, physical therapy, advertising and furthermore architecture.Since the introduction of PBL, there have been a number of systematic reviews published regarding educational potentials, purposes, uses, limitations, effectiveness, and advantages surrounding the application of the method within various domains.Besides, there are many studies comparing this technique with traditional passive approaches in medical education.However, a few limited studies have been done focusing on the disciplines involving problem-based learning and its effect within education.Thus, the purpose of this review is to explore the findings of previous studies related to the disciplines involving Problem-Based Learning and its effect within education.For such purposes, the researchers define Problem-Based Learning as a curriculum of carefully selected activities that test the learners' critical knowledge acquisition, self-directed learning, problem solving and also team participation capacities.Within this context, the research questions addressed by this study are: 1) What are the disciplines involving Problem-Based Learning usage in education?; and 2) What are the effects of Problem-Based Learning in education?

Problem Based Learning
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a learning method that was introduced in McMaster University, Canada in 1969.Following up, this method has been widely used in varieties of disciplines such as management, engineering, agriculture and law.Howard Barrows was one of the academics who pioneered this method at an early stage.Barrows et al. (1980) stated that this method focuses on learning activities that are useful in solving problems of the daily life.It focuses on real issues and challenging it in helping pupils to understand real life situation (Allen et al., 2011).This method also functions as a student-centered model lesson.The concept of PBL method is the result of other learning theories such as Kolb's Theory which emphasizes on experience-based learning, Piaget's Theory, Vgotsky, Lave and Wenger, which focuses on constructivism and social learning and also Schon Theory which concentrates on the reflection process (Sadlo, 2007).The combination of these three theories forms a Problem-Based Learning Model.This method is also known as a form of learning that provides opportunities to the pupils to think and perform self-directed learning.Kitsantas (2013) stated that this method is expected to help pupils to resolve the issues or problems that are provided by using a variety of learning resources.In the context of education, teachers play a role as a facilitator by providing guidance and relevant problems for the pupils to solve it.This means, pupils need to explore actively and contemplate other alternative solutions that are relevant in resolving the issues given by the teacher (Hmelo-Silver, Duncan, & Chinn, 2007).Teachers are also required to plan lessons properly and determine clear learning objectives.This is to ensure that the issues or problems can be resolved by pupils.Grant (2011) has stated that this method is also able to increase the commitment of pupils in learning.This is because, the approach focuses on teamwork activities, good communication between group members, researching problems and searching information to solve the issues or problems.Besides that, pupils are responsible for their own learning and they will have to share the responsibility between group members to ensure that the given problem is solved.At the same time, PBL also helps pupils to manage their learning time wisely because they need to complete the given task based on a specified time as suggested by Grant (2011).Thus, Piaget (1983) has proposed some of the key elements during the implementation of this method in the classroom which are: 1) Pupils will be given responsibility in planning their own learning.
2) Problem is the main key in this method.
3) Teachers act as facilitators.4) Pupils must do reflections.5) Pupils must learn something in the process of resolving the problem.
In Addition, Graff and Kolmos (2003) have listed nine major principles in this method: 1) Problem is the main element.
3) Teachers play roles to create problems that are linked to the pupils' real life.
4) Problem must be related with daily life situations (macam sama ngan (c)).5) Pupils show interest during the process to resolve the problem.
6) The foundation of this method is learning activities.7) Pupils have a higher percentage of understanding the topic.8) Collaboration between group members.9) A form of active and reflective learning.
In conclusion, the concept of problem-based learning is a form of teaching that focuses on student-centred learning and is based on real life issues or problems.The given problems or issues must be authentic, challenging, complex and unexpected.The implementation of activities and approaches in this method should be broad but the evaluation must be based on specific criteria, which assesses the level of pupils' ability in applying knowledge within the higher level (Hmelo-Silver et al., 2007).On another take, the implementation of this method can change the traditional learning paradigm into the 21 st century learning.
Thus, the quality of the education system will increase conjunctively alongside other developed countries.

Method
In this study, a systematic review was chosen in selecting previous studies related to field of PBL.The identification of such relevant studies involves systematic searching of related databases; ERIC and Google Scholar.The process of identification was done within 11 month (July 2018 until May 2019).The purpose of the systematic literature analysis was to develop a structured and reproducible review.The guidelines proposed by Khan (2003) were adapted for the purpose of this study.According to Khan, Kunz, Kleijnen, and Antes (2003), this method been of aid to researchers in critically analysing, evaluating, and synthesising complex ideas.Figure 1 shows the phase of Systematic Literature Review:

Framing Questions for a Review
The review questions were formed based on searches for questions and topics raised in previous studies.The researcher has conducted an initial search to identify previous studies on systematic reviews relating to the implementation of Creative Education PBL and specifically, the disciplines involving PBL in formal education and its effects.Researcher found that there were no studies related to the matter, thus this study needs to be done to answer the following questions: 1) What are the disciplines involving Problem Based Learning use in education?
2) What are the effects of Problem Based Learning in education?

Identifying Relevant Work
The duo key processes within this phase were collecting relatively appropriate studies during the preliminary search and accounting the suitability of such studies by means of inclusion and exclusion criteria."Grey literature"; Discertations, conference proceedings and book chapters were not included to warrant inclusivity.Hence, limitations may be present denoted as "publication bias" (Bernard, Borokhovski, & Tamim, 2014).Besides that, the search within this study was regulated to full-text articles and peer reviews.Researcher has conducted an initial search using ERIC and Google Scholar within two months by using various key terms such as "Problem Based Learning(PBL)", "the implementation of PBL", "the effect of PBL", "PBL in variety of disciplines" and "PBL in education".During the initial search process, there were two main features considered by researchers which were the title or the abstract.The search terms were refined to include "PBL in the classroom" and "the implementation of PBL in educational institution" to conduct follow-up searches by using the same databases which were ERIC and Google Scholar.

Assessing the Quality of Studies
To ensure the quality of this review, the study selection method was used to select relevance studies to be included in this review.Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to identify potential primary studies.Such criteria were to choose relevant articles to be included or excluded and those abiding by these Framing questions for a review

Identifying relevant work
Assessing the quality of studies

Summarizing the evidence
Interpreting the findings criteria would be preferred as a part of this study.Thus, the selected studies should have abided by the following inclusion criteria: 1) Published and unpublished studies from 2015-2019.
2) Studies that utilized a PBL programme in formal education.
4) Studies that evaluated PBL in formal education.
5) PBL as a tool in teaching and learning.
Alongside that, the exclusion criteria were used to identify irrelevant articles that should not be included in this study.Thus, the exclusion criteria were as follow: 1) PBL not implemented in the education.
2) The articles were not published in 2015-2019.
3) The studies did not evaluate the PBL.
4) PBL not as a teaching and learning tool.

5) Other than journal articles.
There were five (5) inclusion and exclusion criteria used in this study based on the review questions.These criteria were important because it would determine the scope and validity of the systematic review results.The selection process should have followed these criteria starting from the initial evaluation until the final stage of classifying the studies".

Summarizing the Evidence
Google Scholar and ERIC were literature database used to identify relevence studies in this review.Researchers used various key terms such as "Problem Based Learning(PBL)", "the implementation of PBL", "the effect of PBL", "PBL in variety of disciplines" and "PBL in education" during the search process.A total of 305 studies (Google Scholar = 185; ERIC = 120) published from 2015 until 2019 were identified via the two databases.The results were filtered into non-English text and non-journal sources (152 results remained), did not provide the full text (104 results remained), did not meet inclusion criteria (71 results remained) and 30 duplicates were removed.Finally, the researchers identified 43 articles, which the full text was retrieved for further evaluation.Figure 2 shows the PRISMA flow chart that represents the summarizing of searching process.

Interpreting the Findings
To analyze the data, content analysis method was used to interpret the findings.
Through the usage of content analysid method, the previous studies' trends were revealed by means of categorical data: quantitative, qualitative and mixed method.From a systematic review of educational researches published between 2015 and 2019 on common disciplines involving Problem-Based Learning and the effects of Problem-Based Learning in formal education, only 43 empirical studies were found and these formed the basis for answering the study questions.The analysis carried out on the methodology used on previous studies from 2015 until 2019 is demonstrated through Table 1.It shows that the quantitative approach was the most practised method used in previous studies compared to others.

Disciplines Involving Problem Based Learning Usage in Education
Overall, problem-based learning had been used widely in different educational disciplines.The result shows that Mathematics education had a higher number of usage of problem-based learning application followed by Science, Chemistry, Engineering and English.Other disciplines displayed lower value of usage of the problem-based learning in teaching or learning.Table 2 shows the distribution of problem-based learning within educational disciplines:

The Effects of Problem Based Learning in Education
The selected studies show that there are positive impacts in the implementation of problem-based learning in education.Most studies show that problem-based learning promotes collaborative learning and inquiry learning.Table 3 shows the discussion of each study on the effects of problem-based learning application.

Discussion
From the review, problem-based learning has various impacts in different disciplines of education.This method has been introduced into various teaching and learning situations across a number of disciplines within education.The use of PBL in education has been discovered and each study discusses about the relevance of this method in education (Hmelo-Silver, 2004;Pepper, 2014).This method significantly gives impacts towards education (Tarmizi & Bayat, 2012) and has been developed as an instructional method of hands-on (Ajai & Imoko, 2014;Dahl, 2018), active learning centred on the investigation (Bilgin, Şenocak, & Sözbilir, 2009;Mustaffa, Ismail, Tasir, & Said, 2016;Schettino, 2016;Tarmizi & Bayat, 2010) and resolution of real world problems.Based on this review, PBL is an established method in Mathematics education that aims to develop reasoning skills (Kazemi & Ghoraishi, 2012;Lou, Shih, Diez, & Tseng, 2011;Tarmizi & Bayat, 2012).More recently, the use of this method aims to improve meaningful learning and is being used as a major educational method in mathematics  12 (Abubakar & Arshad, 2015) Students showed improvement of skills in learning and acquiring information needed to solve problems including life-long learning and information management.
13 (Vega & Navarrete, 2019) PBL is a new learning approach alongside gaining practical experience at an industrial scale.
15 (Duda, Susilo, & Newcombe, 2019) Students' science process skill can be influenced with authentic assessment given by teachers.
16 (Mudrikah, 2015) Its application is suitable to enhance students' higher order mathematical thinking ability as it is capable to condition reflective abstraction concerning mental actions, processes, objects and schemes within students.17 (Griffith, Butler, Csecs, & Davis, 2018) There were positive impacts in leadership skills and team work skills after the implementation of PBL in clinical training.
18 (Li & Tsai, 2017) The implementation of PBL helps learners to retain long term knowledge.
19 (Lin, 2017) Reading comprehension significantly improved alongside strategy used in identification of subject matter within participants.20 (Gorghiu, Drăghicescu, Cristea, Petrescu, & Gorghiu, 2015) PBL approach increased students understanding of Science concepts and made students take ownership of their learning.

22
(Muñoz Campos, 2017) PBL assists in building critical thinking skills, self-management skills and knowledge integration.23 (Aidoo, Boateng, Kissi, & Ofori, 2016) Problem solving skills and critical thinking can be improved by using PBL method in teaching chemistry.
24 (Didem, 2016) There were difficulties faced by learners during the process of PBL such as finding the authentic problems and exploring the solutions to the problems.(Shawver, 2015) PBL process helps students to built up and enhance their thinking skills, analytical skills, team building skills and also communication skills within a business environment.Creative Education Continued (Zetriuslita, Wahyudin, & Jarnawi, 2017) Students have problem in developing critical thinking skills during PBL process in Mathematics class.(Serevina & Sari, 2018) The implementation of PBL in e-module helps to increase students' science process skill.(Zwaal & Otting, 2015) The implementation of PBL can be successful if the tutors and students are given a proper training in terms of management.(Sarı, Alıcı, & Şen, 2017) The uses of PBL in engineering were to develop students' thinking skills and increase their interest in the profesion.(Günter & Alpat, 2017) PBL can be used as teaching method to increase students understanding on the given topic.(Rattanatumma, 2016) The groups of students learning via STAD model of cooperative learning displayed higher scores in the post-test measuring mathematics learning achievement and problem solving ability.(Caesar et al., 2016) Students' engagement can be efficiently enhanced and grasping of geographical content can be improved through PBL activities.(Prayekti, 2016) PBL is one of a method that increase students motivation and form an active learning among students.(Khumsikiew, Donsamak, & Saeteaw, 2015) Pharmacy students were satisfied and their competencies were enhanced via the PBL course.(Nurzaman, 2017) Students characters can be improved through PBL process during the process of solving problems.(Beatrice, Amadalo, & Musasia, 2015) Encouragement and improvement of linear programming by using this intervention.(Brown, Lawless, Rhoads, Newton, & Lynn, 2016) Students able to develop their writing skills and actively participate in learning during PBL.This method also create meaningful learning context through the activities.(Podges & Kommers, 2017) PBL improves their attitude, motivation and reflection significantly.(Raiyn & Tilchin, 2015a) PBL changes the relationship between learner and teacher and has an impact at the learner level.(Sedaghat et al., 2017) In PBL, students can developed various skills and it can effect their best achievement in learning.(Çakiroğlu & Öztürk, 2017) Help-seeking skills, task strategies and goal setting and planning were gradually enhanced during this process.(Wardono, Waluya, Mariani, & Candra, 2016) Improvement within mathematics literacy ability was seen as PBL models were used with A PMRI approach assisted by E-Learning platform, Edmodo.(Mustaffa et al., 2016), that allows students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills in mathematics (Schettino, 2016).Interest on PBL in mathematics has been driven by two factors which are the volume of knowledge and the impact of implementing PBL in the classroom (Tarmizi & Bayat, 2010).Besides, in the most recent mathematics form, PBL is thought of as student-centred whereby the pace is set by the students with the teacher as a guide, facilitator and resource (deChambeau & Ramlo, 2017;Fatade, Mogari, & Arigbabu, 2013;Sari, Elniati, & Fauzan, 2014).Besides that, other disciplines also use PBL as a teaching and learning method however the number of researches that touch on those disciplines was strictly limited.For the effects of problem-based learning in education, 95% of the studies show that PBL has positive impacts towards teaching and learning process.This is due to the reason that PBL is a social constructivism method capable of creating an active learning environment among students (Kirschner Sweller, & Clark, 2006;Nakada, Okada, Yoshihara, Namiki, & Hiroi, 2017;Pepper, 2014).This method has a significant relationship with the students' attitude (Lou, Liu, Shih, & Tseng, 2011;Lou, Shih, et al., 2011;Mataka & Kowalske, 2015;Tosun & Senocak, 2013), students achievement (Bilgin, Kara-kuyu, & Ay, 2015;Gallagher & Gallagher, 2013;Hmelo-Silver, Duncan, & Chinn, 2007;Ismail et al., 2015;Loyens, Gijbels, Coertjens, & Côté, 2013;Mokter & Mahamod, 2016), problem solving (Choi, Lindquist, & Song, 2014;Jonassen, 2011), students' interest (Jin & Bridges, 2014;Kim & Kee, 2013), thinking skills (Basri, Zain, Jaafar, Basri, & Suja, 2012;Firdaus, Kailani, Bakar, & Bakry, 2015;Gholami et al., 2016;Raiyn & Tilchin, 2015b), scientific skills as well as nurturing pedagogical content in technology and also improving positive perceptions in learning (Asyari, Al Muhdhar, Susilo, & Ibrohim, 2016;Carrió, Larramona, Baños, & Pérez, 2011).

Conclusion
Problem-based learning (PBL) is not a new topic in education and has become one of the most powerful learning methods during this educational reform period.As an alternative approach to teaching and learning, PBL has grown to be more known nowadays to the extent of being used in various levels of education and fields.According to these reviews, PBL is widely used in education to help students to learn.PBL is being used as well as adopted onto different disciplines.Those studies modify the PBL for their own purposes in their disciplines.Gradually, various studies were conducted to identify the impact of this method towards different disciplines in education (Chan et al., 2010;Dolmans, Loyens, Marcq, & Gijbels, 2016;Loyens, Jones, Mikkers, & van Gog, 2015).The impact of this method towards learners cannot be denied.This method helps to promote students' problem solving skills, communication skills, critical thinking, lifelong learning attitude and also motivate students to learn.PBL holds potential in promoting complex, integrative and highly possible transformative learning, which enables production and creativity within individuals that combine into personal learning.This is due to the reason that learners re-think themselves relatively to the field of problems and context of learning.Overall, PBL should be further developed as an effort to prepare learners with a learning environment identical to the actual clinical environment or practice.

Table 1 .
Numbers of study based on methods.

Table 2 .
Distribution of problem-based learning application.

Table 3 .
The effects of PBL in education.