Electricity Is Not What You Think

This article is an attempt to answer student’s (and not only students’) ques-tions about the possibility of inventions nowadays in the field of electricity. The student is confident that nowadays everything is clear. Large firms do everything which is needed. And the time for inventions is over. But in fact, many things are not so clear, and a new Tesla may appear.


Introduction
It is written in the books that electrical energy is transmitted through the wires, but what exactly does flow inside the wire?
Today there exist generally accepted descriptions of processes occurring in an electric circuit. These descriptions are based on a model in which electrons (or other charges) move inside a conductor. In some literature it is written that the electrons do not move, but push each other, as in the well-known "domino effect".
But such an explanation is not plausible. Electrons are mechanical particles that have mass. They cannot move or push each other at the speed of light. But an electrical signal is transmitted at the speed of light.
If so, then how electrical energy is transmitted in a wire system? Here is a modern explanation of how electrical energy is transmitted in wires. The source creates a potential difference. The potential difference creates an electromagnetic field. This field propagates along the wire on its outer surface at the speed of light (this creates a well-known skin effect). So, wire is not a tube with a current inside. The current does not exist at all [1]. The current which is injected into a ground is divided into a great number of weak currents. When ground depth increases, the quantity of currents grows and therefore the amplitude of each current decreases to zero. Can current flow through broken wires? Yes, it can, for example, in a linear antenna. In the case of electrical antenna like a dipole or monopole, the current stops at the ends of radiators but its energy converts into the energy of the electromagnetic field. It means that the energy path is not interrupted.
Now we can imagine a grounding or zeroing as a set of very short monopoles.
It is known that monopole which height (h) is much less than a quarter of wavelength has radiation resistance close to zero. Recall that the wavelength at a frequency of 50 Hz is 6000 kilometers. This resistance tends to zero as h (compared to the quarter of wavelength) decreases. Radiation resistance decrease leads to radiating power decrease. So, we can say that monopole with 5 -10 m high at frequencies 50 or 60 Hz has zero resistance and zero radiation field density. Note that a monopole with height much less than the quarter of wavelength has a capacitive component. However, parallel connection of monopoles results in capacitive resistance decrease.
In other words, perhaps grounding is a system consisting of a considerable quantity of monopoles, with length much smaller than quarter of a wavelength.

An Unbalanced Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) System
In SWER system, the energy is transmitted by one wire. And in the case of long lines, this system loses a large amount of energy. It is possible to compensate reactive power, but this compensation is expensive in the case of variable loads. In contrast to the SWER system, the proposed one-wire system [3] is a balanced system. In it, the potential difference on the load does not depend on the line length and is always equal to 180 degrees.

Three Phase System: Is It Good or Not Very Good?
Now the dominant electric energy transmission system is the three-phase system proposed by the Russian scientist Dolivo-Dobrovolsky. The important advantage of this system is that a generator and an electric motor are effectively built, because in these devices, three windings are located on one rotor. But today it is already clear to many specialists, that this system has more disadvantages than advantages. Here are these disadvantages: • Many expensive wires (three or four); • Large expensive supports for wires; • Underground and underwater three phase system are very expensive; • Large number of broken wires short circuits; • Large energy losses due to phase's imbalances and reactive power; • Strong negative environmental impact including Corona Effect, it's time to free the earth (see Figure 1). In this case, one can say that three phase system is three SWER systems. As in SWER, this phenomenon is equivalent to the presence of reactive resistance in the load and, consequently, the appearance of reactive power. It is shown in [1] that reactive power value in three phase system noticeably increases if cables have linear capacitances and linear inductances. That is why there are intermediate stations sometimes every about 30 km. One-wire system allows transmitting the energy from three phase source by one wire. In this case in one wire one can use the one of three wires of equivalent three phase system [1]. For transmitting three phase signals by one wire signal it is possible using special converter [4].

One Wire System
In [5] universal balanced one wire system is proposed. All loads receive signals with phase difference 180 or 120 degrees. And this is independent of the line distance.
An output single wire is divided by number of loads. Each load receives a signal with its own parameters. For this purpose, set of converters have been proposed, so that C 2-1 and C 3-1 in transmitter converts to C 1-2 and C 1-3 in receiver.
It is well known that the main part of power electrical system cost is wires. In [1] it is shown also that for one wire system can use one of the wires which are used in three phase system. A calculation shows that one wire system can be three time cheaper than three phase system.

Fast Charging by One Wire
Nowadays there is a problem associated with the need for fast charging of electrically driven vehicles. The time of charging depends on voltage in a charging device. The higher is the voltage, the shorter is the charging time. In residential areas the voltage is 380 volts, and with this voltage the time of charging is approximately 8 hours. This is generally acceptable in living areas or in employment areas.
However, there are situations when it is necessary to provide a fast charging, for example on highways or other places where a vehicle battery discharged. It is very expensive to erect high poles with high voltages wires along highways, and in many cases is just impossible. It is actually impossible to transmit a three-phase signal underground. It would be necessary to build underground tunnels, since a great distance must be provided between the wires.
For this problem solution was proposed charging system on basis of one wire method [6].
This system includes a converter for converting a three-phase electric current into an electric signal which can be transmitted through a single electric wire underground.
In this case one can use very height voltage.
The converting means include also a converter for converting the signal received from the single electric current transmission line into a three-phase electric current, one-phase current and DC.
So, using one wire method can be build fast charging stations in any places of long road. This problem can be solved as follows: we take an unbalanced antenna. One end of the source goes to the emitter, the other to the nullifier. Due to a special shape of the emitter, current at each frequency "finds" a line with length of quarter of a wavelength. The size of the antenna depends on the lowest part. The upper frequency is not limited. At frequencies above six Gigahertz, the antenna has the highest gain in vertical direction. Thus, it can be used for communication with a satellite. These ideas and the results of simulations are described in detail in [7].

Conclusions
Dear students. As usual, every new technical proposal is met with doubts, disbelief and objections. If you embark on the path of engineering invention, you will hear: • Nobody needs it; • This contradicts the Ohm Law; • Nobody wants to invest in this business; • Are you smarter than everyone? • Or like in Chekhov's story: "It is cannot be, because it is can never be." All the above was heard by the author plenty of times.
Nevertheless, it is worth looking for new ideas and solutions. It will make life more interesting and meaningful. The most interesting in life is to do something new.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.