Single Piece Dental Implant: A Remedy for Atrophic Ridges: Review

Implant placement in severely atrophic jaws is especially challenging because of the poor quality and quantity of the future implant bed. Although various bone augmentation procedure like ridge augmentation, sinus lift these procedures are possible today but it may lead to surgical morbidity they increase the risks and costs of dental implant treatment as well as the number of necessary operations. Also sometimes the patient is not agreeing for such extensive surgical procedures, according to the well-known implantological rules for dental restorations, crestal implants are indicated in situations when an adequate vertical bone supply is given but single piece dental implant (basal implants) is a viable treatment option derives support from the basal bone area which usually remains free from the infection and less prone to resorption.


Introduction
Rehabilitation the edentulous maxilla or mandible with implants has become a normal predictable treatment today but successful implant placement needs sufficient bone to be available (at least 13 -15 mm length and 5 -7 mm width) [1] [2]. Implant placement in severely atrophic jaws is especially challenging because of the poor quality and quantity of the future implant bed [3]. Calvarial or How to cite this paper: Ali, S.M., Mahmud, P.Kh., Othman, K.S. and Samad, A.A. (2019) Single Piece Dental Implant: A Re-Int. J. Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery iliac bone grafts, mental nerve displacement, all on four, nerve bypass and sinus lift procedures are often used to overcome the initially unfavorable anatomical and mechanical conditions [4] [5] [6]. Despite acceptable success rates, these approaches involve unpredictable degrees of morbidity at the donor and/or recipient sites [7] Furthermore, patients are sometimes reluctant to undergo such procedures [8].
The conventional crestal implants are indicated in situations when an adequate vertical and horizontal bone must be available if not the prognosis is not good as soon as augmentation become part of the treatment plan. Augmentation procedures tend to increase the risks and costs of dental implant treatment as well as the number of necessary operations [1]. To avoid these procedures the other viable option for replacement in atrophic jaws is to change the implant design. Two very successful implant designs and protocols have been demonstrated in the past few decades for replacement in atrophic jaws which are Mini Dental Implants and Basal Implants [9].
Basal implant (single piece dental implant) also known as bicortical implant or just cortical implant is a modern implant system which utilizes the basal cortical portion of the jaw bones for retention of the dental implants which are uniquely designed to be accommodated in the basal cortical bone areas. The basal bone provides excellent quality cortical bone for retention of these unique and highly advanced implants. Because basal implant includes the application of the rules of orthopedic surgery, the basal implants are also called as "orthopaedic implant". Dental implants when placed in this bone can also be loaded with teeth immediately. This science is already proved in orthopedic implants (Hip/Knee replacements). Once the patient is fitted with the artificial joint patient is asked to start using it immediately [10].
This article reviews literature of using basal implants and the differences that exist between basal implants and crestal implants in rehabilitation of atrophied edentulous jaws (Table 1) [11], types of basal implants, drawbacks of conventional implants, advantages disadvantages and complication of basal implants. Requires more complex procedures and chair side time.

Rationale of Using Basal Implants
Alveolar bone (crestal bone) of the jaw less dense gradually starts getting resorbed and receeds once the teeth are lost. The bone which ultimately remains after regression of the alveolar bone following loss of teeth is the basal bone which lies below the alveolar bone. This basal bone is less prone to bone resorption and infections. It is highly dense, corticalized and offers excellent support to implants. The conventional implants are placed in the crestal alveolar bone which comprises of bone of less quality and is more prone to resorption. The basal bone is less prone to bone resorption because of its highly dense structure.
The implants which take support from the basal bone offer excellent and long lasting solution for tooth loss. At the same time, load bearing capacities of the cortical bone are many times higher than those of the spongious bone. This rationale stems from orthopedic surgery and from the experience that cortical areas are essential, since, they are resistant to resorption [12].

Classification of Single Piece Dental Implant (Basal Implant) Based on Morphology [9]
There are four basic types of basal implants:

Morphology of Basal Implant
The BOI (Basal Osseo Integrated) and BCS (Basal Cortical Screw) implant being produced today has a smooth and polished surface as it was found that polished surfaces are less prone to inflammation (mucositis, periimplantitis) than rough surfaces. The KOS and KOS Plus implants are surface treated (sand and grit blasting with subsequent acid etching), however, the implant neck is kept highly polished in KOS implant. In the KOS Plus implant, its neck and the basal cortical

Draw Backs with Conventional Root form Implant [16]
1) Requires large amount of bone.
2) Require wider bone at crest to accommodate its neck which usually found lacking in many cases because of bone loss. 4) Most part of the implant is placed into the poor density spongy bone which cannot be loaded immediately-may require healing time up to 3 -8 months.
5) Because of vital structures such as maxillary sinus and mandibular canals in the back region of jaws, these implants may require large amount of bone augmentations (sinus augmentation, block grafting, nerve repositioning), multiple surgical steps, higher cost and longer healing times. 6) Has a screw connection which may lead to future screw loosening/screw breakage problems under the prosthesis. 7) Sensitive to infection-Theses implants have rough surface which is prone to collect infection once exposed to oral environment or placed at the infected region. Hence these implants cannot be placed into the infected tooth socket. 8) Being rough surface, these implants are prone to peri-implantitis. 9) Crestal bone loss-maximum stress/load comes on the bone crest which may cause crestal bone loss.
10) Wide neck diameter and rough surface of these implants require thick, keratinized and stable/non mobile gums around its neck to avoid the problems such as soft tissue.

Surgical Technique
Unlike conventional implants basal implants have a different surgical approach. The technique is simple and easy to execute and does not involve extensive drilling of bone thus avoiding thermal injury [13]. Throughout the surgery the mode of irrigation used is external and usually for almost any case a single pilot osteotomy with a "Pathfinder Drill" is sufficient for KOS, KOS Plus and BCS implants, the kit also consists of manual drills for a controlled osteotomy preparation [17] [18].
Basal implantologists do not advocate raising a flap for these implants as it results in a decreased blood supply and also because of the design of these implants raising a flap is pointless, another factor to be considered is the immediate loading of these implants; a sutured site is not a favorable area to receive an immediate prosthesis [13] [17] [18].
For the BOI implant the approach towards the bone is gained by raising a flap laterally and cutting into the bone with disk drills of required size in a lateral direction to form a "T" shaped osteotomy. The implant consequently is placed laterally and the flap is closed over it [19].

Indications [20]
1) All kinds of situations when several teeth are missing or have to be extracted. 2) When the procedure of 2-stage implant placement or bone augmentation has failed.
3) In cases of severe bone deficiency either horizontal or vertical.

Contraindications
1) Special Cases: Cases where bilateral equal mastication cannot be arranged, e.g. when chewing muscles or their innervations are partly missing (these cases may lead to problems under immediate load protocols).
2) Medical conditions: There are a number of medical conditions that preclude the placement of dental implants. Some of these conditions include: Recent myocardial infarction (heart attack) or cerebrovascular accident (stroke), Immunosuppression (a reduction in the efficacy of the immune system).
3) Medicines: A dentist will need a complete listing of all of the medicines and supplements that their patient takes. Drugs of concern are those utilized in the treatment of cancer, drugs that inhibit blood clotting and bisphosphonates (a class of drugs used in the treatment of osteoporosis).

Advantages of Basal Implants [20]
1) Safe load transmission in basal bone-Load transmission is deep in the infection free basal bone. In conventional root form implant, load transmission is near the area of bacterial attack. Cortical bone is resorption resistant due to higher mineralisation.
2) Less incidence of peri-implant infections-Implant surface is polished in basal implants and also the mucosal penetration diameter is less as compared to conventional dental implants.
3) Patient's own alveolar bone is required-Basal implants require the patient's own alveolar bone and no bone augmentations are required. All patients have sufficient basal bone horizontally even if vertically height is reduced. Also the duration of treatment is reduced as bone augmentations require certain amount of time for healing. 4) Immediate loading-Extremely good patient acceptance is obtained with basal implants as immediate loading is possible. There is no edentulous phase and immediate dentures are not required. 5) One stage procedure-Extractions and implant placement can be carried out in one appointment even if the teeth are periodontally infected. 6) Low demand for patient compliance.
2) Skilled surgeon with sound anatomic knowledge is important to carry out successful surgery.
3) Excess sound bone reduction in cases of good bone support. 4) A phenomenon called as overload osteolysis can be seen if load distribution is not done properly.
BOI-BAC Implant, BOI-BAC2 Implant [22] is onlay miniplate integrated implant marketed as BAC and BAC2 (not to be confused with their classical lateral osteotomy BOI implant) used in severely atrophied area as asubperiosteal implant retaining by screws (Figure 4). Int. J. Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery Tuberopterygoid (TPG) Screws: These implants are placed in the pterygoid bone and aid in providing additional support to the prosthesis. These are used in conjunct with Sinus Section technique and are placed at 20˚ -45˚ in the bone and the angulation between BOI implant and TPG screw should not exceed 90º otherwise prosthesis placement becomes difficult ( Figure 5).
Zygomatic Screw Implant (ZSI): These are zygomatic implants that are placed in the zygomatic bone and like the BCS implant these also have sharp edged cortical screws that gain bicortical support ( Figure 6).

Conclusion
Developments of basal implants had given positive hope for the patients with atrophied ridges which can be rehabilitated not only by avoiding augmentation procedures, time and cost but also by immediately loading of the prosthesis making them more confident and socialize normally. More than 90% of the available Implant system all around the world follows system of crestal implants.
Advocates of Basal Implant systems call it to be a better alternative to crestal implants in terms of ability to restore almost any type of case, shortened treatment time, less chance of failure. However, the long term results are yet to be proven.
The whole concept is based upon the fact that basal bone is the most stable of all the bones available for Implants and that its resorption rate is virtually nil. Also to add is the chances of failure due to infection is also greatly reduced since the Implant takes its primary retention from the site which is very far from the surgical area. Despite of the data available on their success in treating a variety of cases these implants have gained little trust among conventional implantologists, it seems further research and development and more concrete data on clinical cases are required to prove their efficacy as a replacement to conventional implants. Technique of placing basal implants definitely requires a skillful operator with a sound knowledge of anatomy. Complications are rare but can be fatal if the procedure is not performed properly.

Sources of Funding
This work is performed solely by the authors of this manuscript. Nobody else participated in preparation or financial aid of this work. We just spent extra time to collect the data and put it together in the form of research.

Ethical Approval
Here in Iraq, we do not have committees or organizations for ethical approval. Taking informed consent is the only standard ethical process within hospital permission rules because all hospitals in Iraq are teaching governmental hospitals therefore informed consent is taken before doing any procedure or publishing the information of any patient.