Recently Discovered Basilosaurid, Baluchithere Rhinoceros, Horses, Sea Cow, Proboscidean, Eucrocodile, Pterosaurs, Plesiosaur, Fishes, Invertebrates and Wood Fossils, Tracks and Trackways of Dinosaurs from Pakistan; Comparison of Recognized Four Titanosaur Taxa of Indo-Pakistan with Madagascar

Recent Geological and Paleontological exploration during the start of new/third millennium (from 2000 to 2019) yielded 45 taxa of vertebrates and invertebrates from Mesozoic and Tertiary (except a jawless fish from Cambrian and a trilobite from Permo-Triassic boundary) strata of Pakistan like dinosaurs, mesoeucrocodiles, eucrocodiles, pterosaurs-light bodied flying reptiles, ple-siosaurs-broad bodied and ichthyosaurs-streamlined bodied reptiles and fishes, basilosaurid whale, Baluchithere rhinoceroses and paleo-horses mammals, invertebrates (hippurites/rudists, oysters, mussels and other bivalves, ammonites, belemnites nautilides and gastropods Mollusca, starfish echino-ids, nummulites, assilina and alveolina foraminifers, arthropods and corals), algae, sponge and wood fossils. Here described new fossil records would at-tract widespread interests.

Basilosaurus drazindai and Basiloterus hussaini lack these three fenestra. Roots of the transverse processes oriented on the mid of lateroventral margin in Sulaimanitherium dhanotri while transverse process arise in the anterolateral margin of the vertebral body of Basilosaurus drazindai [6]. Transverse process of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri is relatively considerably anteroposteriorly less long at the base than the transverse process of Basilosaurus drazindai. As usual in archaeocetes, the pedicles arise closer to the anterior end of the centrum than to the posterior end of Basilosaurus drazindai [6] while in Sulaimanitherium dhanotri the pedicles are found in the mid centre (centrally oriented or feebly close to anterior termination of centrum. Neural canal of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri is transversely less broad than Basilosaurus drazindai while the lumbar centra are thicker in Sulaimanitherium dhanotri than Basilosaurus drazindai. Cervical centra have strongly ventrally reduced surface. Ventrally reduced surface of cervical centrum is laterally bounded by two ventral keel (one on each side). The cervical centra forms hexagonal wedge shape, two faces on left lateral and two faces on right lateral and one ventral reduced face and one dorsal surface which is base of neural canal.  Figure   1). The middle and lower part of the atlas (first cervical vertebra) is preserved and has a very thin vertebral circular body forms and consists of lower and middle parts forming ring shape around the foramen magnum. Atlas centrum is shallow and broadest for adjustment of occipital condyles. The atlas vertebra (centrum with pedicle and neural arch) is subcircular shaped vertebra. The neural canal is generally round, and may be the same size as the foramen magnum. The ventral face is very broad than all other cervicals. Neural canal in atlas seems to be relatively broader than the following cervicals. The dens or odontoid process is destroyed in the axis body.  or two cervicals. In this regards the cervical vertebrae of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri matches closely with cervicals of Zygorhiza kochii [7].

Description of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri Basilosauridae
The thoracic centra are relatively shorter than lumbar and longer than cervicals. Thoracic centra are tall than cervical centrum but almost equal to lumbars.
Thoracic centra are more wide than cervical centrum but almost equal to lumbars. The transverse processes are situated more dorsally on the vertebra body than lumbars. The transverse processes are lateroventrally (started from mid height of centra) oriented in the a few last thoracics. The centra are slightly broad. Its width is slightly more than height. The height and width almost remain constant in lumbars while length is higly increased. The cranial epiphysis is suboval. The transverse process is triangular to subcircular and thicker dorsoventrally and oriented on the lateral sides of thoracic centra. The epiphysis are massive (not spongy) and porcellaneous type. The epiphysis show ring structure development. These are recognized by the triangular to subrounded shaped transverse process located on the lateral sides of the vertebral bodies. The vertebral bodies have width, depth and length more than cenvical and less than lumbars.
The lumbar centra are anteroposteriorly elongated and transversely oval to suboval shaped. The height and width are almost same as in thoracic, but slightly more than anterior caudals. The ventral position and downward trend of transverse process of this vertebra shows its assignment to lumbar because in dorsal position is more dorsally oriented [8]. One longest preserved centrum of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri is  As usual in archaeocetes, the pedicles arise closer to the anterior end of the centrum than to the posterior end of Basilosaurus drazindai [6] while in Sulaimanitherium dhanotri the pedicles are found almost in the mid centre (centrally oriented or feebly close to anterior termination of centrum) of centrum. The pedicles measure upto 11 cm in length anteroposteriorly and 4.5 cm in width mediolaterally at the base, and it is located in the middle of centrum. Sulaimanitherium dhanotri has centrally oriented thick pedicles upto 4.5 cm while Basilosaurus drazindai have relatively thin pedicles upto 3 cm thick transversely while their anteroposterior lengths are almost same. The pedicle and neural arch cover all along the dorsal length of cervical centra. The neural arch is dorsally broken but its broken surface show that the neural spine is anteroposteriorly long and located in the central longitudinal axis (sagital axis) and posteriorly it becomes thick and approached close to the postzygapophyses (or its remnant). The pre-zygapophysis seems to be relatively low but completely not preserved. The left or right postzygapophyses of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri are thicker elements than Basilosaurus drazindai. The postzygapophyses are preserved posteriorly at the level of preserved neural canal.
The transverse width of neural canal anteriorly about 9 cm and posteriorly about 9.5 cm of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri while it is anteriorly 11 cm and posteriorly 11.5 cm of Basilosaurus drazindai. The neural canal of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri is transversely less broad than Basilosaurus drazindai while the lumbar centra are thicker in Sulaimanitherium dhanotri than Basilosaurus drazindai. The neural canal/cerebral canal of a few vertebrae are preserved perfectly as filled mudstone ( Figure 2). The neural canal is a thick, broad and wide canal which is ventrally bifurcated centrally by embedded mid dorsal keel in centra. The transverse process of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri and Basilosaurus drazindai have considerably different proportions and also different positions. The roots of the transverse processes oriented on the mid of lateroventral margin in Sulaimanitherium dhanotri while transverse process arise in the anterolateral margin of the vertebral body of Basilosaurus drazindai [6]. The transverse process of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri at base have anteroposterior length 12 cm and width 4 cm, while Basilosaurus drazindai at base have anteroposterior Open Journal of Geology No any sacral (fused and coosified vertebrae between the caudal and lumbar vertebrae) are not found. The supposed caudal vertebrae are considerably relatively less long than lumbar. No large limb bones are found only small cross section are found. Sulaimanitherium dhanotri has subtriangular transverse process on moderately long distal thoracic while Chrysocetus fouadassii [7] from Morocco have anteroposteriorly elongated oval or elliptical shape on short distal thoracics. The Sulaimanitherium dhanotri has relatively large and long lumbar vertebrae while Platyosphys aithai have relatively short lumbars. Further the transverse process of lumbar vertebrae of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri are relatively anteroposteriorly short (less elongated) while Platyosphys aithai have relatively anteroposteriorly long transverse process of lumbar vertebrae. The Sulaimanitherium dhanotri have centrally oriented transverse process (anteroposteriorly located in the centre ventral margin of lateral sides while the Eocetus schweinfurthi of southwestern Morocco and Eocetus drazindai (Basilosaurus drazindai) of Pakistan have anteriorly oriented transverse process. Further the length of lumbar centrum of Sulaimanitherium dhanotri is relatively less than the Eocetus drazindai of Pakistan. B. cetoides lumbar and distal thoracic centra are slender and elongated (height is less and length is high) while Sulaimanitherium dhanotri have relatively less elongated and more deep (high) centra. Basilosaurus is the first Archaeoceti named by [10]. Sulaimanitherium dhanotri is among the largest Basilosauridae.
Bolanicyon shahani a new genus and new species previously reported as large quettacyonid [13], but now expected to be a horse due to long dentary and Further the transverse thickness of total preserved dentary is increasing backward or posteriorly. The preserved dentary is about 16 cm long and more than 1 cm thick and maximum thick at angular is about 2 cm. It is a small may be about 1 meter in length and also extinct horse. This mammal (old horse or Quettacyonidae) is among the oldest in Pakistan.
Gomphotherium buzdari [13],  Gomphotherium buzdari share with Proboscidean on the basis of large sized limb elements, age fitness and further common finding of Gomphotherium in host Sulaiman Range. The femur head is circular and directed mostly medio-dorsal. Its tip is slightly wider and expanded then its neck. The head is expanded and raised more than its greater trochanter. There is a depression/notch between trochanter and head. The trochanter raises more than notch and also more thick than adjoining notch. There is a large fossa or shallow depression in the anterior part of proximal femur. There is a small rise in the posterior of proximal femur (close to laterally transverse mid). The distal part of femur is massive, thick and forms its two condyles. The tibia is slender and proximal part is elongated. The fibular fossa on one side and ridge on another side can be observed. There is a thin oval cavity in centre cross section observed at its preserved end (Figure 4). Proboscidean like Gomphotherium, Trilophodon, Bunolophodon and Dinotherium along with other mammals were common in the Miocene-Pliocene of Sulaiman basin.

Eucrocodiles (Eusuchian);
Crocodilidae; Asifcroco [14]; Asifcroco retrai [14];  and width is about 1 cm. The first tooth on preserved dentary beak ramus is 6 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide, the second tooth is 8 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide, the third tooth is 6 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide, the fourth tooth is 7 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide, the fifth tooth is 9 mm anteroposteriorly and 5 Open Journal of Geology mm transversely wide, the sixth tooth is small in size and may showing replacement tooth, the tooth seven is 4 mm anteroposteriorly and 3 mm transversely wide and the eight tooth is 6 mm anteroposteriorly and 4 mm transversely wide.

Pterosaurs from the Latest Maastrichtian of Pakistan
These measurements reveal that the transverse widths are mostly constant and also half of anteroposteriorly length. All the teeth crown are eroded. Closeness of the sockets represents a large number of teeth in Saraikisaurus minhui. The teeth central cavity and peripheral bone are dominantly exposed as cross section. The closeness of sockets and teeth of Saraikisaurus minhui differ from the Cretaceous pterosaurs from Cretaceous of Eastern England [17], Cearadactylus atrox [18]
Previously the trilobite arthropod reported from Early Devonian of Chitral [22] which was correlated with Ural and Altai faunas [22].
The Hippuritida (also known as rudists) is an extinct monophyletic order of inequivalved, thick-shelled bivalves, which evolved an extraordinary variety of morphologies [23]. Pakiring kharzani ( Figure 6) Figure 6). It is sub ring type, thick-shelled bivalve. It is a rough surface ornamented bivalve with much rope like rises alternated by falls. The holotypic half ring or one valve is about 4.8 cm long and 2 cm maximum thick ( Figure 6). It's one valve is shown as holotype and many valves are referred. Pakiring kharzani from Pakistan closely related to Magallanesia rutogensis [24] and Pseudovaccinites giganteus major [25] on the basis of outer rings pattern.
Pakiwheel vitakri Nautiloids Mollusca is first described by [13]. It is stocky type nautiloids MSM-1072-V ( Figure 6). It is found just after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary in Sangiali Formation (of Earliest Paleocene age) close to east of Vitakri town (Bor locality), Barkhan District, Balochistan. Its holotypic shell maximum length is 15 cm and maximum width is 9.5 cm. Its width is relatively slightly low and depth is proportionally higher than the Pakiwheel karkhi.
Its suture lines are not straight. The more depth here is considered stocky.

Two New Centipedes Arthropods from Balochistan
Two new centipedes Chilopoda arthropods are being described.
The Nisaukankoil beakeri based on skeletal impressions ( Figure 6
A wood fossil of large tree Baradarakht goeswangai [13]

Footprints and Tracks of Dinosaurs from Pakistan
Footprints and tracks of stocky titanosauriforms or basal titanosaurs, and two groups of titanosaurian sauropods, small and large theropod dinosaurs were found from the Mesozoic strata of Pakistan so far.

Footprints and Tracks of Titanosauriforms or Basal Titanosaurs Confronted by a Large Theropod Found from the Late Jurassic of Malakhel Area, Pakistan
Trackways of the titanosauriforms (basal titanosaurs or ornithischian) Malakhelisaurus mianwali [27]

Footprints and Tracks of Stocky and Slender Titanosaurs Found from the Latest Cretaceous Strata of Pakistan
Footprints of the stocky titanosaur Pashtosaurus zhobi [29] [30] were found

Footprints of Pterosaurs from Sur Muzghai Site, Zhob Division, Balochistan, Pakistan
The footprints of Anmolpakhi alleni flying reptile pterosaurs (Figure 7) found Open Journal of Geology  Figure 7).

Trackways of Large and Small Theropod Dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic Strata of Malakhel Area, Pakistan
The Samanadrinda surghari [27] [28] large theropod trackway including 5 footprints in a single trackway (Figure 7)  remained preserved and exposed after erosion of upper beds by tectonic uplift which tilted host bed more than 50˚. 400 m southward from the site of Malakhelisaurus mianwali titanosauriforms confronted by a Samanadrinda surghari theropod ichnotype, two close tracks of a couple of Himalayadrinda potwari [14] small bodied theropods ( The length to width ratio is about 1.2. Toes slender, sharply tapered, digit III and digit IV are subequal while digit III is considerably larger than digit II. The divarication angle of digits II -IV = c. 70˚ -90˚. The last toe or claw turned inward. According to comparison with [33] data, this Himalayadrinda is unique small theropod. Reference [37] mentioned interdigital angle upto 50˚ of theropod footprints from Brazil but Himalayadrinda from Pakistan have angle upto 90˚ ( Figure 1). While [37] mentioned interdigital angle upto 80˚ of footprints which is close to Himalayadrinda footprints. This study reveals that the Himalayadrinda potwari (divarication angle of digits II -IV = c. 70˚ -90˚) is the ancestor of noasaurs theropods while Samanadrinda surghari (divarication angle of digits II -IV = c. 50˚) is the ancestor of abelisauroid theropods. Applying [35] revised formula of H = 4.586 L and [36] formula H = 4 W, the general height of Himalayadrinda is about 0.5 m. It belongs to a biped that has 0.3 -0.5 m height at the hip and 1.0 to 1.5 ms long. This close affinity of Himalayadrinda small theropods with Brazil (South America) like titanosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles again shows paleobiogeographic affinity with South America. This close affinity is due to common Gondwanan early seed radiations and heredity resulted at Early Cretaceous. Trackmakers steps and digits made depressions by compressing cohesive rosaur with a manus of titanosaur. Row 5, 6, four types of tibiae of poripuch titanosaurs (2 diversified stocky gspsaurids and 2 diversified slender tibia pakisaurids) found from Pakistan. Scale: each black or white unit is 1 cm. Open Journal of Geology calcareous mud which extruded on the sides. Later on filled by calcareous clayey mud. During diagnosis these rocks became hard which is thrusted later on by tectonics and exposed by erosion.

Comparison of Recognized Four Titanosaur Taxa from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent with Four Titanosaur Taxa of Madagascar
Indo-Pakistan titanosaurs were reported from the latest Maastrichtian (67 -66 Ma) Vitakri Lameta Formation [38]. References [39] [40] recognized four titanosaur taxa from India. On the basis of diverse cranial, vertebral and limb materials from Pakistan, the reference [41] also recognized four coexisting titanosaur taxa such as Gspsaurus pakistani [42] (including a mid caudal of Antarctosaurus) the thick lense shaped proximal tibia bearing medium bodied Gspsaurinae; and Saraikimasoom vitakri [41] (including two caudals and a tibia of Titanosaurus blanfordi) the subcircular proximal tibia bearing small bodied Saraikimasoominae gspsaurids, and Pakisaurus balochistani [43] (including one vertebra of Titanosaurus indicus; one robust straight tooth of Titanosaurus rahioliensis) the thin bone tibia bearing the large sized pakisaurid; and filled the gaps in Isisaurus colberti like femur, tibia, fibula and metacarpal. All these four recognized taxa of Indo-Pakistan have synapomorphies of poripuch [38] the most derived titanosaurs which have procoelous all the anterior, middle and distal caudals except the first caudal in stocky taxa [38]. There was longstanding issue and controversy that how many valid titanosaur existed in the latest Cretaceous of Indo-Pakistan. Now it became certain, consistent and confident by finding of four types of tibiae from Pakistan (especially proximal tibiae-unique gifts in global world). Four type of tibiae ( Figure 7) including two diverse stocky tibiae like rounded proximal tibia of Saraikimasoom with equal transverse and anteroposterior width, and anteroposteriorly lense shaped proximal tibia of Gspsaurus; and two diverse slender tibiae with low transverse thickness like transversely thin proximal tibia of Pakisaurus with lateral fibular ridge as arc shaped ended just below the cnemial crest, and transversely thin proximal tibia of Isisaurus with lateral fibular ridge as parallel/subparallel to anterior profile of cnemial crest and shaft. These four types of tibiae and associated diverse cranial and postcranial elements are discovered from Pakistan belonging to four taxa of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent [44], solved the longstanding issue of number of titanosaur's taxa from Indo-Pakistan. Besides titanosaurs, two large theropods Vitakridrinda [45] and Vitakrisaurus [45] [46] and two large sized mesoeucrocodiles Induszalim [45] [47] and Pabwehshi [48], and pterosaur Saraikisaurus minhui were also discovered from Pakistan.
The Maastrichtian Vitakri Lameta Formation (terrestrial red muds, and sandstone) of Indo-Pakistan correlated with the Maastrichtian Maevarano Formation (terrestrial red muds, and sandstone) of Madagascar. Further four coexisting latest titanosaurs hosted by Vitakri Lameta Formation also match closely with four latest titanosaurs hosted by Maevarano Formation. Further the finding of Open Journal of Geology diverse 4 types of caudal vertebrae and diverse 4 types of tibiae and other diverse skeletal elements from Pakistan belong to four poripuch titanosaur taxa which provided the facility for correlation and comparison with Malagasy titanosaur fossils. This interpretation is consistent with the four coexisted latest titanosaurs from Indo-Pakistan peninsula. From Madagascar, the titanosaurian three taxa identified on the basis of diverse caudal vertebrae and fourth titanosaur taxon identified on the basis of slender tibia with lateral fibular articular ridge forms arc shape and ended just below the cnemial crest. Because four types of tibia associated with typical vertebrae from Pakistan. First, the large caudal vertebra UCB 92829 of Titanosaurus madagascariensis [49] from Madagascar matches closely with Saraikimasoom of Indo-Pakistan peninsula due to strong ventral reduction of caudal. Second, the other small caudal vertebra UCB 92305 of Titanosaurus madagascariensis [49] from Madagascar may be close to Isisaurus (Sulaimanisaurus) from Indo-Pakistan due to almost square shape (although slightly broad) and no ventral reduction. Third, the caudal vertebra FMNH PR 2209 of Rapetosaurus [50] from Madagascar show close resemblance to Gspsaurus from Indo-Pakistan landmass due to slightly tall and ventrally reduced caudal vertebra. Fourth, the transversely narrow slender tibia with arc shaped lateral fibular condylar ridge ended just below the cnemial crest, humerus and teeth of Rapetosaurus [50] from Madagascar matches closely to Pakisaurus from South Asia. This shows the dual affinity (chimera) of fossils of Titanosaurus madagascariensis [49] and also the dual affinity (chimera) of fossils of Rapetosaurus krausei [50].

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.