Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Gummy Candies Enriched with Pineapple and Papaya Peel Powders

Currently, the production of minimally processed foods generates many by-products that are not optimally exploited. Pineapple and papaya peels dehydrated by circulating hot air and freeze drying, with different particle sizes, were used as powder ingredients to enrich gummy candies. Modifications in soluble solids ( ̊Bx), pH, water activity (aw), color, instrumental texture, and sensory perception of the products were assessed regarding powder-free controls. The inclusion of 5 g/100g of each fruit peel powder resulted in candies with stable acidity,  ̊Bx, aw, and pH. Freeze-dried peels with smaller particle size produced better physicochemical, sensory, instrumental texture, and color characteristics because the powders were easily and homogeneously distributed, reinforcing thus the structure of the gel, and producing better coloring.

Fresh pineapple and papaya are the fruits most sold throughout the year in many countries because of their various nutritional and diuretic qualities [4] [5].
However, about 25% to 50% of the mass of the pineapple [6] [7], and approximately 20% to 25% of the mass of the papaya [8], are considered as by-products not usable by humans [9]. The peels of these and other fruits are a source of dietary fiber and antioxidants [10] [11]. An alternative of using these by-products is through the production of food powders, since in this way, it is easier to incorporate and dose them in the development of new foods [12]. However, the particle size and the dehydration process used for their production can interfere mainly in their pH, a w , color and texture, limiting their use in certain food products [13].
Pineapple by-products have been applied and assessed as fat replacers in hamburger meat [2], fiber-content improvers in extruded products [14], and probiotic yogurt [15]. However, there are no reports on their use in the elaboration of candies or gummy candies. This situation is relevant because Mexico is the sixth most important producer and consumer of confectionery products in the world and the second in Latin America [16]. However, the high consumption of such products is recognized as lacking in nutritional value [17], for the high content of sweeteners whose prolonged consumption increases the risk of suffering from diabetes and obesity at an early age [18]. This type of products also contains artificial dyes. According to various studies consumption of such components above permissible limits can cause respiratory problems, allergy, thyroid tumors, chromosomal damage, hyperactivity, and abdominal pain, among many others [18] [19].
For all these reasons, this work could contribute to reevaluate minimally processed pineapple and papaya peels generated by the small-scale horticultural food industry. Therefore, the objective was to elaborate gummy candies replacing sweeteners, flavoring and colorings with pineapple and papaya peels as powders with a high content of antioxidant dietary fiber and evaluate their contribution to the physicochemical and sensory properties of the products. The results are expected to encourage the utilization of such wastes based on scientific information about their properties and attributes.

Pineapple and Papaya Peel Powders Preparation and Characterization
The peels free of mold and visible degradation were selected, washed and disinfected by immersion for 10 min in a solution (2 mL/10L water) of Nicon-PQ (active component citric acid: Procesadores de Aditivos S.A. de C.V., Investa de México S.A. de C.V., Mexico), and subsequently submerged in water at 90˚C to inactivate enzymes. The excess of solution was removed in a vegetables centrifuge (Ilko, México), and the peels separated into two batches for each by-product.  The properties of the powders were determined: Moisture [20]; Total dietary fiber [20]; Water activity; DPPH [21]; ABTS [22]; and Polyphenols [23] are shown in Table 1.

Formulation and Production of Gummy Candies
Control gummy candies, i.e. without fruit peel powders, were made according to an existing formulation [24]. This formulation was adapted to prepare the modified gels as follows; 50 mg/g sucrose was replaced by pineapple or papaya powder. Artificial colorant was not added, and flavoring was not added to  (Table 2).
To produce the gummy candies, gelatin was hydrated with 0.453 g/g of the total water of the formulation and left to stand for 30 min. Sucrose was dissolved with the remaining 0.546 g/g of the water at a temperature of 70˚C, then glucose

Physicochemical Properties
The  coordinates (luminosity, L*, chroma, C*, and hue, h*) were obtained. The texture profile analysis of one-day old hemispheric specimens 1.5 cm in diameter, and 1.5 cm in height was carried out at 20˚C in a texturometer (Stable Micro System, TA-XTplus, UK). Two different tests were run. The first one was done using an adaptation of the Gummy Confectionery Test available in the texturometer software. A cylindrical probe (compression platen P/75, 75 mm in diameter), a heavy-duty platform adjusted with a flat plate (HDP/90) and a trigger force of 50 mN were used. Before running the test, the probe was calibrated to recognize the analyzer's test surface (100% voltage), and the distance (20 mm) back from the probe after compression was selected. Each gummy candy was compressed to 20% of his original height, at a speed of 1.0 mm/s. The cell was kept at this distance for 60 s and then removed to its initial position at a speed of 10.0 mm/s. The MACRO of the resulting force-distance curve was run, and the following texture properties recorded: firmness which corresponds to the total strength (N) of the specimen, and elasticity (%) which corresponds to the height that the sample recovers after being compressed.
The second test was an adaptation to the testing standard of the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America [25]. A cylindrical Derlin probe (P/0.5R, 1.27 cm in diameter), a heavy-duty platform adjusted with a flat plate (HDP/90) and a trigger force of 50 mN were used. The specimen was placed on the base aligned centrally under the probe and penetrated at a speed of 1.0 mm/s, and a depth of 4 mm (maximum force). The MACRO of the resulting force-distance curve was run and expressed as "gel strength/bloom value" (g) of the gummy candy gel. Water activity, color and texture were determined in ten candies per formulation.

Sensory Analysis
Two tests were carried out with an untrained panel of fifty customary consumers of this type of product in the range of 18 -25 years old, with the same number of females and males. The selection was based on a survey of habits to rule out people allergic to the product, as well as frequent consumers of alcohol and cigarettes. The first analysis was done to select the preferred particle size by means of an acceptance test of preference at a level of significance of 5%. Once the preferred particle size was selected, a second sensory analysis was carried out with the preferred samples. The test consisted of a five-point hedonic scale to express how close color intensity, firmness, pineapple or papaya/chamoy flavor, elasticity, sweetness and acidity were to those preferred by the panelists, i.e. 1 = too weak, 2 = a little weak, 3 = just as I like it, 4 = a bit strong, 5 = too strong [26]. The samples were presented as a 1.5 cm diameter hemisphere at room temperature (20˚C -22˚C) in random order and were labeled with randomly generated three-digit codes.

Statistical Analysis
Data of the physicochemical analyses and results of satisfaction tests using hedonic scales of gummy candies were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n

Physicochemical Properties
There were no differences (p < 0.05) in the content of soluble solids (˚Bx) between the samples prepared with pineapple or papaya peel powders and their respective controls (Table 3). This result indicates an improvement in the quality of the product and serves to fix the final concentration of soluble solids necessary to maintain the physicochemical stability of the gelled candies [27]. The pH showed differences (p < 0.05) between the different formulations and their controls; pineapple gummy candies exhibited the lowest pH. This result is explained by the acidity of the pineapple powder. The pH of the products with papaya peel powder was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of their control because papaya is less acid than pineapple. However, the pH range of the products was 3.0 to 4.5, which is recommended for gummies made with 290˚ Bloom gelatin [24]. The pH of the product is critical; a very low pH is not desirable because the product will not be stable, or a gel might not be formed. If a hydrocolloid Table 3. ˚Bx, pH, and a w of enriched gummy candies and their controls**. is maintained at its isoelectric point, pH for which the net charge is zero, then gelation is likely to occur [27].
Water activities of the enriched gummy candies showed significant differences (p < 0.05) ( Table 3). The a w of the controls was less, however, all the gummy candies comply with the range of water activity recommended for this type of products (0.54 to 0.66) since a higher value would favor microbiological degradation of the product due to its sugar content [24]. Therefore, it was established that enrichment of the gelled candies with pineapple and papaya peel powders does not interfere with the physicochemical and microbiological stability of the products, since they had low pH, low moisture, high content of soluble solids and reduced a w . All these factors are important to obtain good quality products [24] [27].
Color is an important indicator of quality and acceptability of foods [28]. Table 4 shows the results of color determination of pineapple and papaya gummy candies. Luminosity, hue and chroma of the controls and the modified gummy candies were significantly different (p < 0.05).
The gummy candies modified with pineapple powders were less luminous with a more intense saturation and a yellow-brown color. The control of papaya/chamoy had greater luminosity, but chroma and hue indicate a more saturated orange color regarding the modified gummy candies. However, pineapple G-Pi-LYO-3 and papaya G-Pa-LYO-2 samples are the closest to the controls.
The insoluble dietary fiber of the powders interferes with color in both gummy candies [2] [29]. The fiber does not dissolve and therefore the particle size plays an important role in color. The smaller the particle, the more homogeneous is the distribution of the powders in the product and these results in a better color.   [28], who developed gel-like fruit candies (GLFC) based on apple and cranberry modified with grape skin powder of different particle sizes, using pectin as a gelling agent. These authors demonstrated that the powders and their particle size modify the instrumental texture of the GLFC. The particle size of the powders plays an important role on the mechanical properties, i.e. hardness and energy required for penetration, since a larger particle size results in a smaller force to penetrate the sample. Figure 1 shows the results of the test to select the preferred particle size for the pineapple and papaya powders added to the gummy candies. To establish the preference with a level of significance of 5% in pineapple gels, it is necessary that 24 out of 50 panelists prefer any fraction. Thus, the panelists preferred the particle size < 180 μm as 34 out of 50 of them selected this fraction. In the case of papaya gels, it is required that 33 out of 50 panelists select a given particle size fraction to have a level of significance of 5%. Using this criterion, the panelists preferred the particle size fraction from 250 to <180 μm since 35 out of 50 of them selected that fraction. Figure 2 shows the results of the affective test for the degree of satisfaction of the  pineapple candies. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between the control and candies enriched with both powders were observed for sweetness, acidity and pineapple flavor, since the panelists expressed that the attributes of control candies are just as they like them, while the enriched candies were a little less acidic and sweet than they like. Differences in color were also significant (p < 0.05); the panelists pointed out that the color of G-Pi-LYO-3 and G-Pi-HA-3 is slightly weaker and stronger, respectively, than they like, while the color of the control sample was just as they like it. Regarding elasticity and firmness, the panelists liked the elasticity of G-Pi-LYO-3 and G-Pi-HA-3, while the control sample was little less elastic than they like it. Also, all the samples are firmer than they like, however, the enriched candies showed greater firmness.   Figure  2 for sample identification. 2: particle size 250 μm to <180 μm.

Affective Tests of Degree of Satisfaction
the control and candies with powders for firmness, sweetness, acidity and elasticity. The panelists preferred those attributes for the control, while the enriched candies were more elastic and firmer, but less sweet and acidic than they like.

Conclusion
It was possible to produce enriched gummy candies using 5 g/100g of pineapple and papaya peel powders. These by-products contributed to enhancing color and instrumental texture regarding powder-free candies, also, to reducing the caloric content and flavoring addition to the products. Samples G-Pi-LYO-3 and G-Pa-LYO-2 presented the best color and texture characteristics; they were more homogeneous and clearer in color and had the greatest firmness and elasticity.
These results are consistent with sensory analysis, since the panelists expressed a marked preference for both formulations. Nevertheless, control samples had the highest scores in all their attributes. This result suggests more investigation is required in the future to optimize the formulations. However, the potential exploitation of by-products has been demonstrated.