Using of GIS Technology for Conservation of the Ottoman Bathroom and Its Urban Surrounding in Qena—Egypt

The Bathroom area in Qena city is suffering from urban, social and economic problems, which affects negatively on one of the most important Islamic buildings (the Ottoman Bathroom). In the present study, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technique has been chosen for evaluating the current state of the Ottoman Bathroom and its urban surrounding that is situated within Qena city. Three categories of the evaluating were carried out, the urban, economic, and social status of the environment urban of the Bathroom. Monitoring and analysis of spatial and descriptive data were carried on the surrounding of the Bathroom through design the spatial database; the results of the study indicated that the residential buildings have been suffering from severe damage. The samples were collected from different places of the Bathroom, investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with EDX analytical methods, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The previous results were indicated that there is a crystallized salt in bricks pores, micro-cracks, and loss in the internal structure of the building materials. The conservation plan included on many steps: 1) documentation of the building and its urban surrounding; 2) monitoring of deterioration symptoms of the building, urban deterioration symptoms of the surrounding; 3) the conservation plan and adaptive reuse of the Ottoman Bathroom.


Introduction
The conservation of the local architectural heritage is one of the most important factors to conserve the local identity. These buildings are considered mind of the the following steps are taken: Data Collection & Correction. Spatial data include all forms of data for archaeological sites, that are associated with specific coordinates, the site is defined in a specific way in the form of coordinates (X-Y) or three dimensions (X. Y. Z.), the spatial data are divided into three sets of phenomena when represented in maps: Point features, Line features, and areal features (Lake, 1993;Akhter, 2018;Pickles, 2008). According to (Benavente et al., 2004), the experimental study, which carried on the stone samples affected by crystallization of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride showed that halite resort to deposit on the surface of the stone with a similar distribution in all samples. The present research has been oriented by the following hypothesis: In order to determine the values of the monument and its conservation, it must address the conservation of archeological buildings from an integrated holistic perspective of all means and principles.
-The archeological building and its built environment are an organic unit that should be dealt with from this point of view when thinking about its restoration or maintenance. -There is an inverse relevance between the continuation of the archaeological building and damage factors affecting it. Whenever the risks increased the archaeological building, becomes more damaged and destroyed. -Dealing with the laws of monuments, buildings and urban planning must be from an integrated holistic perspective that takes into account the unity and entity of the architectural heritage of the region. -Strategies, policies, and objectives that achieve conservation of the buildings as a historical and archaeological value should be preceded by the study and identification of problems and risks that threaten these buildings and the urban environment. -Adaptive reuse is the best way to the conservation of historic buildings, particularly a case of the Ottoman Bathroom. The study deals with the conservation and reuse of the Ottoman Bathroom situated in Qena by using GIS technique to monitoring the current state of the building and its surrounding, which helps in visualize of the conservation and rehabilitation plan.

The Ottoman Bathroom
The Ottoman Bathroom is situated within scope of the second section of Qena city ( Figure 1); this zone represents the old residential block of Qena city that existed at the beginning of 19th century AD.

The Historical, Architectural and Functional Values
The Ottoman Bathroom in Qena dating back to the late 18th century and the beginning of 19th century AD. It was registered as archeological building according to the decree of Council of Ministers no. (332) of 2002 A.D. From the construction date of the building shows that it has a historical value represents in its age, which is more than 200 years, in addition to it is represented one of  (Osman, 2001). Function of the building is considered as a test that determines validity of the building design, where the building value is increased whenever; the building was suitable for its purposes. If we look at the architectural value of the Bathroom, we observe that its horizontal design is oriented to the interior, taking into consideration the privacy of the building, it has a diversity of the height of the architectural elements based on the function of each it, in addition to different of domes and vaulted roofing. The Ottoman Bathroom's layout principles are summarized in the following points: it has an entrance similar to the entrances of public buildings in the Mamluk period; it contained a strip room, and a durqac covered by a wooden skylight, iwans are covered by a wooden roof. The first house was to prepare the bather to receive heat, before and after use. In addition to the heat, it is contained the washbasin, spaces, a furnace, and facilities.

Architectural Description of the Ottoman Bathroom
The area of the Bathroom's architectural units is 29 m from north to south, 23.30 m from east to west. The building's borders are Street of the Bathroom in the north, the Qaysariya Street in the west, Grand Mosque Street in the south and Grand Mosque in the west (Figure 2 & Figure 3).

Facades
The façades of the build are characterized by simplicity; the main facade is located in the northern side of the Bathroom where there is the main entrance in the eastern side, this face has two windows. The western façade has three windows similar to those on the northern façade. The southern façade has another entrance is located in the western side, its width less than the main entrance; this façade extends to a space where the furnace was located (Figures 4-7).

Interior Design of the Bathroom
The building layout included curved corridor has a wooden roof leading to a strip room covered with a wooden roof and a skylight; it occupies an area approaching to half of the Bathroom, it has a square courtyard with a fountain located in the center, the area of the courtyard is (47.61) m 2 , it has iwans from the four sides rise (60) cm from the ground, in south of the courtyard there is a stairway leading to roof of the Bathroom, and in western side there is a door leading to the second corridor, which its length is (4.8) m, it connects between the strip room and first house. The first house opens on the heat house, and a fountain in the center, it contains four iwans that have the same size, from the heat house we get to the wash house ( Figure 3).

Deterioration Aspects of the Building
The Bathroom site is surrounded by urban growth which represents a source of visual distortion and physical damage due to rising groundwater level under foundation of the building, this as well as the partial loss of the components of the building in addition to partial loss of the architectural units themselves, so it has been in bad physical condition and there is a possibility of further deterioration, damage and failure, due to that the building has been suffering damage factors and causes since far times because of the destructive reuse, floods in Qena in 1954 and effect of saturated soil with contaminated water, it is also suffering damage factors and causes at the moment such as moisture, housing ,urban trespasses and man-made destruction, ground water raised, pollution and infection of ground water beneath the Bathroom foundation.
Red bricks and mortars are the essential building materials that have been used for the construction of the Ottoman Bathroom, in addition to marble, stucco windows, mosaics, wood, and metals, etc. as secondary construction materials. Different types of weathering forms were observed in building materials of case study, such as the efflorescence of salts, due to effect groundwater. The ground water containing various kinds of mineral salts, in which they are the  (Hemeda et al., 2018;Binda, 2006), when water rise to the brick pores by capillary the salts will penetrate the pores, if the water dries the salts will crystallize. The salts generate internal pressure could lead to cracks in the fabric of red bricks, which turn it into a powder on long term (Lourenço et al., 2014). The Bathroom is in bad condition due to misuse and effect of different deterioration factors, such as, rising groundwater level, settlement of soil, frequency between temperature and relative humidity, in addition to lack of attention to restoration and maintenance of the building, we are observed that there are various deterioration symptoms in building material, such as, loss of building materials (red bricks and mortars), flaking and crumbling of plaster layer, accumulation of dust and salt particles on materials surface, different sizes of cracks in walls, loss of parts from the internal walls, loss of mortar layers, rise of groundwater level, efflorescence salts on building materials, loss and deterioration of wooden elements, addition to the misuse and accumulation the dust and garbage inside of the Bathroom, loss of most of the mosaic floor of the fountain, and partial loss of the roof (Figure 8).

The Urban Zone of Ottoman Bathroom
In beginning of the 19th century Qena has gained a great position among the cities of Egypt because of its geographical location, which linking Egypt and its ports on the Red Sea; in beginning of the 20th century the city has significantly grown, as a result to several factors that the city was a major center for commercial and administrative activities in that period. Therefore, the residential block increased from 0.17 km to 0.52 km by the end of the twentieth century. During the 20th century the urban growth of case study were in four periods, as the fol-  Figure 9).
The site of Ottoman Bathroom lacked to sewage network a long-term, so the soil contaminated with sewage water that affected on the building materials of the Bathroom and other physical and chemical properties, the urban deterioration aspects were shown the following: -Non-commitment with standards of the build, according to the standards of Nation Organization for Urban Harmony; -The urban surrounding is suffering from an irregularity of the region texture and non-compliance with building requirements, addition to that the buildings are bad condition; -The urban surrounding is characterized by interlaced texture, and narrow streets; -Lack of awareness of the historical value of the Bathroom between area residents, as well as the spread of environmental pollutants and collection of the garbage close to the monument.

Construction of the Study Database Subsystem
Software programs were used in construction of the database, in the following: Terra incognita program was used to loading of Satellite photos, Arc Map 10.3 was used to drawing, linking, classification, query, analysis, and output of the spatial data, ERDAS Imagine program was used in the classification of land uses, Google Earth Program, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft Access was used in Design and link databases. The ottoman bathroom built with fired bricks, mortars, and wooden roofs (Wheatley, 2000;Perttula et al., 2011).

Data collection and correction
This step is included the spatial data, all forms of data of case study, when it represents as maps, spatial data are classified into three groups of features, in the following: point features, line features, and areal features.
The geographical data input and the construction of the database In this step, the data input that collected about the case study was carried out, where all information is transferred from the paper format to the digital format that can be handled by the computer through geographic information systems.

Data storage and retrieval subsystem
This step is included the storage of geographical data from different sources, like maps, digital data and descriptive in different styles: points, lines, closed spaces and spreadsheets, which are linked together to make it easy to call them as a layer or layers when needed.

Data manipulation and analysis subsystem
In this step change the style, level of data, remove input errors and update the data, in addition to procedure some computations, such as determination of spaces, distances and the urban zones.

Data display and reporting subsystem
This step is represented in presentation of all or some of the original data in

Investigation Methods
The red bricks and mortar samples were collected from different places in the Ottoman Bathroom; the samples represented walls, mortar, and plaster layers.
They generally consisted of damage layers.

Scanning Electron Microscope
The deteriorated samples were investigated by SEM JEOL JSM 5500 LV to identify the morphology of the bricks and used to examine the micro deterioration in the internal structure of building materials, samples were coated with gold.

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
X-ray diffraction method was carried out on deteriorated building materials samples; to study the changes in chemical composition of the samples was performed in Micro Analytical Unit, faculty of archaeology, Cairo university, and was carried by X-ray diffraction patterns, using a Philips X-ray PW 1840 diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation generated at 40 kV and 40 mA. It covers 2 Θ from 50 to 500.

Evaluation of Urban, Social, and Economic Characteristics
The geographic database of the Ottoman Bathroom and its surrounding included geographic maps about of the construction state of the buildings, land uses, the construction method, sewage and drinking water networks.
Through analytical study for the urban surrounding and assessment of the current state of the land uses, the results revealed the following: -From the evaluation of the structural state of the buildings in surrounding of the Bathroom, show that 37% of the buildings are cracked, 34% are good, 18% are bad, and 11% are ruined ( Figure 10). The height of the buildings is ranging from one to five of the floors (Figure 11 & Figure 12).
-From the assessment of structural style of buildings, show that 27.77% were built of walls and concert roofs, 27.77% were built of mud bricks, 20.37% were built of walls and wooden roofs, and 5.55% were built of concrete buildings ( Table 2, Table 3 & Figure 13 & Figure 14).
-From social statistics which were performed on population, we were observed that 54.8% of the population have a free activity, and 31.7% are working in the government sector, from the analytical studies of economic statis-     The examination is shown weakness and cracks in bricks fiber and also shows no cohesion and interdependence with the presence of crystallized salt in the internal structure of the bricks. Deterioration, corrosion, voids and loss of binding materials observed in bricks structure. From the investigation, we observed intensive of sodium chloride between pores of bricks ( Figure 15).

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
The red bricks samples analyses were carried out by XRD for defining the chemical components of samples. All results are shown in Table 4 and Figure 16. The results of the study show that the deteriorated bricks samples consists of Quartz (SiO 2 ), Feldspar, Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) as a major components, in addition to Halite (NaCl) and Gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O), in which accelerated of red bricks weathering, the salts increase the moisture content within the building materials, which dissolves the salts in the pores, and when water is evaporation occurs crystallization and recrystallization of salts causing mechanical damage to the bricks due to crystallization and recrystallization pressure. The summary: From evaluation of the urban environment of the Bathroom by GIS technique, the results indicated that the residential buildings are represented 74.07% of the total buildings, 37% of the buildings are cracked, 34% are good and 11.5% are ruins. From the investigation study was carried by scientific techniques on building materials, indicated that there is a crystallized salt in bricks pores, such as sodium chloride and calcium sulphate, micro-cracks, loss in the internal structure of building materials, the examination is shown weakness and cracks in bricks fiber and also shows no cohesion and interdependence, the previous results contributed to evaluating the physical condition of the bathroom that shows his condition is critical and needs urgent intervention to restore.

Suggestions for Restoration and Rehabilitation of the Bathroom
-Procedures of restoration of the Ottoman Bathroom were summarized in the following. From observation of various deterioration forms of the exterior facades of the Bathroom; the restoration steps can be defined as follows: 1) Restoration of cracks will be carried out with wooden bars method; in this method Cutting is done in bricks course with 50 cm length on both sides of the crack. It is possible to make a full belt around the building (Figure 17).
The application of this technique is in accordance with the principles and rules of international restoration, especially the provisions of Article (10)

Rehabilitation of the Bathroom Surrounding
Proposals of the upgrading of the urban surrounding of the Ottoman Bathroom were carried in the following: 1) Determine the borders of macro and micro context of the old Qena city, addition to determine of the major streets for reaching to the area ( Figure 18). 2) Design a database by GIS for the road, sewerage, drinking water, electricity distribution, and communication lines networks

Conclusion
This research paper constitutes an integrated approach to illustrate the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the conservation of historic buildings   through providing an integrated database of the monument, which is useful in evaluating the current state of the Ottoman Bathroom and its urban surrounding in Qena city, which will be used to support the decision in the conservation and reuse of the Bathroom. The results of the study indicated that the urban surrounding of the Ottoman Bathroom area has compact texture, and suffering from an irregularity of the region texture, it is concluded that the current state of the buildings in the Bathroom area represents 37% of the buildings are cracked, 11.5% are ruined. We observed that the Ottoman Bathroom in bad physical condition and there is a possibility of further deterioration damage and failure, due to that the building has been suffering damage factors and causes since far times because of the destructive reuse; this confirmed with the investigation and analysis that carried out on building materials. The paper is concluded that GIS technique is a suitable method for the rehabilitation of the Ottoman Bathroom and surrounding environment, with necessity to reuse of the Bathroom in the same old function to preserve, revitalize and benefit it in the tourism development of Qena city. Where GIS technique is used in determing the borders of macro and micro context of the old Qena city, in addition to determining of the major streets for reaching the area, design maps of sewerage, drinking water, electricity distribution, and communication lines networks, in addition to design of database for modernization of infrastructure and conceptualize for services areas, which will perform in the surrounding of the bathroom.