Research on Synergetic Symbiosis Relationship between Cooperatives and Joint-Stock Companies —A Theoretical Interpretation of the Practice of New Farmer Cooperatives

Cooperatives and joint-stock companies in China and Western countries can form synergetic relations in theory and practice. The new farmer cooperatives in China also introduce the factors of shares, which need to make a theoretical interpretation. This paper reviews the theoretical research on cooperative system and shareholding system in academia, discusses the specific reasons for the integration of share factors into new farmer cooperatives, explains the symbiotic relationship between cooperatives and joint-stock companies, and demonstrates the history of mutual penetration of share factors and cooperation factors in Chinese and Western cooperatives, then analyzes the necessary and sufficient conditions for the symbiosis of cooperatives and joint-stock companies. Finally, it summarizes the symbiosis model of cooperatives and joint-stock companies at present, and provides the optimal design of its symbiosis mechanism.

joint-stock cooperative system is based on the cooperative system, absorbs some practices of the shareholding system, and combines labor unions and capital alliances to form a new form of economic organization. The author believes that according to the "co-symbiosis" theory, the symbiotic units in the region can coordinate, develop and co-evolve. Based on this understanding, this article is necessary to explore the symbiotic mechanism between cooperatives and joint-stock companies so as to make a theoretical interpretation of the integration of shareholding factors into the new type of farmer cooperatives in China.

The Theoretical Research of Marxist Political Economy on Cooperative System and Shareholding System
Marxist cooperation theory has strong theoretical interpretation ability and practical guiding significance in the study of macroeconomics. Using the related principles of the Marxist political economy on the cooperative system and the shareholding system can objectively describe and dialectically analyze the evolution of cooperatives in reality and its causes. Marx put forward the theory of the relationship between labor and capital in Das Kapital, and pointed out the heterogeneity between the cooperative system and the shareholding system. The former is to "actively develop and discard the capitalist mode of production itself", and "labor dominating capital" [1] in the cooperatives conforms to the basic principles of socialism; the latter is the "potential (negative) sublation and abandonment of capital ownership", and "capital dominating labor" in the shareholding system conforms to the basic principles of market economy. The internal contradictions and conflicts between them will inevitably lead to the division and integration of labor union and capital union, which provides a reasonable explanation for the diversified practice of contemporary cooperatives. Marx affirmed the homogeneity of the two during his classical arguments of cooperatives and joint-stock company, "joint-stock company, the same as cooperative factory, should be regarded as a transition from the capitalist mode of production to joint production" [1]. That is to say, both of them are a transition to communism and cooperative system is closer to communism.
Therefore, the joint-stock system and the cooperative system should be integrated to complement each other. In the thought of "community of free individuals", Marx thinks that both the cooperative system and the joint-stock system are the transitional forms leading to the ideal "community of free individuals", and are the inevitable requirements for the realization of "the reconstruction of individual ownership" (Xie Yuantai, 2010) [2].
Engels also has classical discussion about cooperative system and shareholding system in The Peasant Question in France and Germany, arguing that the Danish cooperative system is a model to establish farmers' land property rights system. "Our task for small holders, the first is to put their private means of production and the private possession into a cooperative production and possession, not by force, but by demonstration and offering help.... The Danish socialists... have put forward similar plans. Farmers in a village or parish... should combine their land into a large grange, and work hard together to cultivate it, and distribute the income in proportion to the shares in the land, the capital paid in advance and the labour force produced" [3]. Here "the shares in the land, the capital paid in advance" are the share factors introduced in the cooperative system.  leading to the future society, in line with the international trend of the integration of cooperative system and shareholding system" (Xie Yuantai, 2012) [7], and the two can go hand in hand. Xiao Duan (2013) expanded on the basis of the above scholars' research and adopted the theory of property right as the analysis tool, believing that the land share cooperative system solved the separation of "two rights" under the background of collective ownership of rural land and household contract system to some extent, which built a complete theoretical foundation of institutional economics [8]. However, some scholars denied the third middle way of joint-stock cooperatives, believing that cooperatives and joint-stock companies were completely different or even contradictory organizational forms. Some scholars believed that joint-stock cooperatives were not in line with the national conditions or the reform was not complete, which is degeneration, alienation, even institutional variation and essential drift. fessional cooperatives under the classic Marxist cooperation theory. However, some scholars, under the influence of western scholars on the research paradigm of cooperatives, completely regarded cooperatives as enterprises. Therefore, they use property right theory, transaction cost, game theory, modern enterprise system and institutional change theory to study the property right structure, transaction cost, operation benefit evaluation and system design of cooperatives. The results of studying cooperatives with enterprise theory and methods are undoubtedly a series of pessimistic conclusions, such as high cost, uneconomical and unpromising of cooperatives, and even they advocated that cooperatives should develop into corporation-based enterprises (Hu Zhenhua, 2010; Liu Bin, 2012) [9] [10]. Agricultural experts pointed out that the cooperatives shall develop differently according to the situations of the state and regions, holding that in terms of cooperatives involving collective property system of agricultural land, economically developed regions should focus on reform of operational assets in share cooperation; the central and western regions, especially the agriculture land should focus on the land share cooperation mechanisms (Zhang Hongyu 2015) [11]. Some scholars discussed the "construction of symbiotic mechanism between Chinese farmers' professional cooperatives and rural credit cooperatives" by using the symbiosis theory (Xie Yuantai et al. 2012). When the model of "comprehensive agricultural association" of Rui'An in Wenzhou City achieved success, it was highly recognized by many famous scholars in the field of agricultural economics, such as Chen Xiwen, Huang Zuhui, Yang Tuan, etc. Zhang Xiaoshan believed that the model of "comprehensive agricultural association" of Rui'An "was bound to surpass the classic, reflect Chinese characteristics and the characteristics of the time.... and is also the essential path for Chinese agriculture to go global" (Zhang Xiaoshan, 2014) [12]. Through reviewing the research results of cooperatives at home and abroad, it can be seen that Chinese and foreign scholars have made theoretical interpretations from multiple perspectives on cooperatives and introducing share factors into cooperatives. Marxist classical writers mainly explained the essential attributes of cooperatives, the homogeneity and the development prospects of joint-stock companies. After World War II, due to the integration of share factors into cooperatives, some scholars in China and the West tended to regard cooperatives as corporate-based enterprises. Scholars in China have more disputes about the nature of the joint-stock cooperative system in the new period, and have a relatively consistent understanding of the mode of "comprehensive agricultural association". However, both the joint-stock cooperative system and the mode of "comprehensive agricultural association" objectively integrate share factors into the cooperatives, which means that there is an objective symbiotic relationship between cooperatives and joint-stock companies under the new situation.

Historical Logic: The Development Trend of the Integration of Cooperative and Joint-Stock Company
The natural evolution of enterprise forms throughout the western capitalist coun-

After World War II, Cooperatives and Joint-Stock Companies Showed the Trend of Penetration into Each Other
For one or two hundred years, cooperatives in western countries have adhered to the principle of cooperative system and developed steadily in the long run. But at the same time, after World War II, many stock issuing cooperatives and enterprise operating cooperatives appeared in western countries. Although it is different from the appellation of "joint-stock cooperative" in China, there are two trends of penetration of stock factors and cooperative factors [14].
First, the trend of demutualization of cooperatives-joint-stock cooperatives.
Taking some cooperatives in Germany as an example, the transformation of cooperative structure that emerged in the 1960s began to absorb some practices of shareholding system on the basis of the seven principles of international cooperation alliance. In respect of the cooperative principle, the one-person-one-vote system will be eased to a maximum of one-person-three-vote system; In terms of the membership, it stipulates that some of the non-member investors can be absorbed as members, so that shareholders and membership separate; In terms of distribution system, the practice of not paying dividends in share capital have been changed. Learning from the financial and accounting standards of enterprises, except for setting aside public accumulation fund in proportion to year-end surplus, most of the rest will be returned to the members and a small part will be paid as dividends.

Since China's Reform and Opening-Up, There Has Been a Trend of Integration between Farmer Cooperatives and Joint-Stock Companies
Since Symbiosis between cooperatives and joint-stock companies is the micro basis and necessary condition for high speed development of commodity economy.

Realistic Logic: Analysis of the Causes of the New Type of Farmer Cooperatives Incorporating Share Factors
In

The External Drive of Macro-Economic Environment-Economic Transformation
Cooperative development strategy is a key issue that must be solved in the de-

The Inherent Demand of New Type of Farmer Cooperatives-Financing Demand
According to the survey, financing needs account for 92% of the financial de- Therefore, it is an inevitable choice for the new type of farmer cooperatives to expand the financing (capital and resources) channels.

Comparative Advantage: Analysis on the Necessity of Synergetic Symbiosis between Cooperatives and Joint-Stock Companies
As China's rural areas are "acquaintance society", joint-stock companies may lead to distrust of farmers due to unpredictability of interests, uncontrollable risks and financial opacity and impartiality, so they must retain the essential na-

Comprehensive Conditions: Possibility Analysis of Synergetic Symbiosis between Cooperatives and Joint-Stock Companies
First, the loose environment of macro-legal policy. In 2013, "No. year, "Decision on Several Major Issues Concerning the Comprehensive Deepening of the Reform of the Socialist Market Economy" and "Opinions on Comprehensively Deepening Rural Reform and Accelerating Agricultural Modernization" issued by the Central Committee of CPC have clearly put forward "to allow farmers to pursue agricultural industrialization through shares of contracted investment," which created policy space for the mutual integration of cooperation factor and share factor. From 2014 to 2017, four consecutive "No.1 Documents" issued by the Central Government reiterated and emphasized "encouraging the development of diversified and multi-type cooperatives such as joint-stock cooperation." The Law on Farmers' Professional Cooperatives (amendment draft) currently submitted is also consistent with the Central Government's requirement, thus providing a legal basis for the synergetic symbiosis between cooperatives and joint-stock companies. Second, the mature theoretical basis of synergetic symbiosis. Joint-stock company and cooperatives in previous statement have a symbiotic relationship, and the premise of symbiosis is that different subjects should have a collaborative relationship. According to the synergy theory, in the large system of cooperative, the cooperative system and the shareholding system have different properties and functions, but they still have the relationship of mutual influence and cooperation. The symbiosis theory further holds that, whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous symbiosis units, the first manifestation is not mutual exclusion and killing, but mutual attraction and cooperation, and mutualistic symbiosis can be achieved. The introduction of "synergy" and "symbiosis" into social science and the research on farmers' cooperatives provides a relatively mature theoretical and logical framework for the construction of double-wheel and double-track share-cooperation.
Third, rich experience in synergetic symbiosis. In recent years, many collaborative innovation centers of industry-university-research integration have been established all over the country. Industry-university-research integration has yielded rich practical experience in economics, sociology and other fields, and explored many new forms of cooperation modes, providing relatively mature practical experience for the synergetic symbiosis between joint-stock companies and cooperatives.

Practice and Exploration: The Pattern Classification of Cooperatives and Joint-Stock Companies
Facing the increasingly serious problems of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", farmer cooperatives, as the new type of agricultural operating entity, must realize innovation in the system and mechanism. From the current prac-  Table 1).
First, parasitic symbiosis. Take the failure case of cooperatives and joint-stock companies as a typical example. Its essence is a kind of organization form with the purpose of illegally collecting state funds, without rules and regulations and actual operation. It is suspected of energy transfer from one host party to another parasitic party, and will not produce new economic and social benefits. It is a nominal symbiotic association.
Second, commensalism. It takes domestic "leading enterprises + cooperatives" and foreign "joint-stock companies + cooperatives" as examples. The former is an organization mode dominated by leading enterprises and establishes cooperatives because of the demand of leading enterprises. Farmer's production and cooperative business is guided by the demand of leading enterprises. The latter is an organization mode where a joint-stock company is led by a cooperative to take advantage of capital of leading enterprises and market forces and to own a majority stake in the joint-stock company. Both will generate new energy, but the former is the leading enterprise to seize all the new energy, while the latter is A joint-stock company led by a cooperative to take advantage of capital of leading enterprises and market forces and to own a majority stake in the joint-stock company.
1. New energy will be generated; 2. Only one party benefits: the cooperative owns the majority or even all the equity of joint-stock company, and all the interests belong to the members Foreign mode of "joint-stock company + cooperative"

Mutualism
Organization and management factors of shareholding system are integrated into Cooperatives.
1. New energy will be generated; 2. Both parties benefit from the broad-spectrum distribution of new energy, and the orientation of capital of joint-stock companies and the orientation of the interest of cooperative members are paid equal attention; 3. Wide-spectrum distribution is carried out according to asymmetric mechanism or symmetric mechanism.
A tight union embedded internally

Farmer share cooperatives
Association, mutual assistance and other factors of shareholding system are integrated into joint-stock companies.

Joint-stock enterprises
Note: this table is based on the symbiotic organization, symbiotic energy characteristics, symbiotic mechanism and symbiosis types of cooperatives and stock companies. It is summarized from three aspects: parasitic symbiosis, partial symbiosis and reciprocal symbiosis. Open Journal of Social Sciences owned by members of the cooperative, belonging to a loose union embedded externally.
Third, mutualism. Take farmer share cooperative or share cooperative enterprise for example. The former is the organization and operation mode integrates shareholding system into cooperatives, while the latter is a mode which integrates union and mutual assistance of cooperative system into joint-stock company. Both have the dual goals of capital orientation and orientation of membership interest. Both generate new energy and belong to tight union embedded internally.

Optimal Design: Synergistic Symbiosis Mechanism between Cooperatives and Joint-Stock Companies
According to the basic principles of symbiosis theory, symmetrical mutualism is an ideal type of symbiotic relationship and the most efficient, cohesive and stable symbiotic model. However, we believe that according to the relatively successful cooperative practices in various regions of China at the present stage, the ideal type and ideal state of the new type of farmer cooperatives incorporating the share factor should be asymmetric mutualism, that is, generating new energy and cooperatives getting more distribution of benefits. Therefore, the synergistic symbiosis mechanism should be optimized from the two aspects of ownership structure and income structure, as shown in Figure 1: The mechanism of asymmetric mutualism designed in the figure above focuses on the relationship between ownership structure and income structure. Ownership structure determines residual control rights, decision-making right, management and operation right, income distribution right, supervision right and rights of capital gains. Peripheral capital also has the right to supervise and the right to profit from assets, but because its share of shares is smaller than that of cooperatives, the right to supervise and the right to profit from assets is also limited. Thus, the symbiosis mechanism remains the dominant factor of cooperation. Second, the income structure of the two symbioses should be clarified. From the ownership structure, it can be seen that the two are cooperative rather than subordinate. Cooperatives are responsible for many links including production and supply, and joint-stock companies provide marketing channels and services, forming a relationship of interest. Cooperatives have residual control rights, decision-making rights, management and operation rights and income distribution rights, and the ownership belongs to the members of cooperatives. As shareholders, joint stock companies do not participate in the decision-making and management rights of cooperatives, but only enjoy the legitimate rights and interests of shareholders, namely the right of supervision and the right to profit from assets, which share interests and risks.

Conclusions of This Paper
The most important feature of the difference between China's new farmer cooperatives and traditional classic cooperatives is that most of them are objectively integrated into the stock factor. In this regard, the theoretical circles have different opinions. This paper attempts to make a theoretical explanation from the perspective of synergistic symbiosis theory. At the end of this paper, the three modes of coexistence between cooperatives and joint-stock companies are parasitic symbiosis, partial symbiosis and mutual symbiosis. At the same time, the synergistic symbiosis mechanism is designed from two aspects: equity structure and income structure.

Insufficient
This paper mainly focuses on theoretical analysis. Therefore, there is almost no comprehensive and in-depth argumentation on the cooperative mechanism of cooperatives and joint-stock systems in practice at home and abroad, which needs to be improved in subsequent research.