Comparative Analysis of Composition and Biodiversity of Saltlicks Forest and Control Forests, TICOYA Resguardo, Tikuna Indigenous Community, San Martin de Amayacu Sector (Colombia Amazonian Trapeze) *

Tikuna indigenous believe that the saltlicks are natural sacred spaces in the Amazon Rainforest. Those are health and nutrition spaces of important species of fauna, especially mammals and birds. The perception, knowledge, usage and spiritual management of saltlicks for Tikuna help the conservation of more than 130 species of flora identified in forest inventories. Saltlicks forests have few studies in the Colombian Amazon region. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the composition and structure in a sample of 6 saltlicks, and control forests, present in the perimeter of each one of them, to know if they have similarities or differences. The genres (or species as far as possible) and frequent botanical families were identified. The information was obtained through fieldwork with inventories carried out in the saltlicks and control forests in the years 2015, 2016 and 2017, with the help of local guides and knowledgeable people about flora of Tikuna community (Gregorio family, Cascabel clan), San Martin de Amacayacu village, TICOYA resguardos. In the saltlicks sample, 336 trees in 29 families were identified. The families with more number of trees are Arecaceae, Myristicaceae with more number of trees are Arecaceae, Myristicaceae, and Sapotaceae. Control forests present a little higher value of richness and diversity that saltlick forests, but they are not statistically significant. The family Arecaceae is the one that predominates in the 6 saltlicks and control forests inventories without being dominant. Control forests have higher values of richness and diversity, but they are not statistically significant. In both samples of inventoried forests, they have little dominance of species. Their species have equity in the saltlicks and control forests. was analyzed,


Introduction
The International Union for the Nature Conservation (IUCN, 2008;GAIA, 2007) defines the term sacred natural site (SNS) as: areas of land or water that have special spiritual significance for people and communities. For many indigenous people, sacred natural sites are areas where nature connects directly with the universe as a whole and the collective or individual memory of humanity merge in significant ways. Sacred natural sites can be the abode of deities, natural spirits and ancestors. The SNS are important spaces for identity and reference of a clan, tribe or community (Zapata, 2007;Von Hildebrand, 2013;Rodriguez, 2013;Rodriguez & Van der Hammen, 2011;ACAIPI, 2011;Davis, 2016).
According to the IUCN (2008), "one of the most important ways of conservation based on culture has been the identification and protection of sacred natural sites (SNS), which often have a valuable biodiversity; as well SNS protects key ecosystems, spaces and heritage landscapes. Indigenous, local and traditional cultures, with their respective worldviews, created protected areas before the beginning of Yellowstone National Park, which in most part of the world was used as a model for the current legislation, policy and practices of protected areas. SNS are the oldest protected areas on the planet". For this study, a saltlicks sample was analyzed, considered SNS for Tikuna and other indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon region.
The saltlicks are part of the called sacred sites or sites with an owner, with name and history, which are specials (Suarez, 2018). For the Tikuna community, a saltlick is the Maloka of the owners of the jungle who are non-human beings.
The salt licks are nge or feminine areas. There are named the Colpas or salt water sources, where the animals go to drink to complement their food; therefore, the saltlicks are one of the most special places in the jungle to see animals (ASOAINTAM, 2007;Goulard, 1994;Moreno et al., 1997;Gregorio & Verschoor, 2011;Cabrera, 2012;Maldonado, 2012;Lozano, 2004). See Figure 1.  A saltlick for the western culture is a biotope characterized by soils with high mineral content in the form of salts, which are directly used by the animals. The factors that influence its formation are: topography, parent material, vegetation among others factors. As a result, they have a great importance for the diet of various types of animals (especially herbivores), according to previous studies, they have identified more than 39 animals species that visit them for food as licking salt in dry seasons, to supply some deficiencies of minerals that their normal diet has, or to supply the great demand of nutrients in some stages of their life such as the reproduction (Molina et al., 2018;Cabrera, 2012;Lozano, 2004;Narvaez & Olmos, 1990).
From landscape ecology, the saltlicks are key in the functioning of forest ecosystem, indicators of its structural, functional and natural dynamic state (UNAL, 2017).
There are few studies that make identification between saltlicks and the forest of surrounding areas. The objective of this analysis is to identify differences or similarities in the composition and structure of saltlicks and control forests. Legal and sociopolitical institution of a special nature, made up of one or more indigenous communities. With a collective property title enjoys the guarantees of private property, owns its territory and is governed, for the management of this and its internal life, by an autonomous organization protected by the indigenous jurisdiction and its own normative system (Article 21, Decreto 2164 de 1995).  (Maldonado, 2012;Jimenez, 2013 (Figure 2).

Context and Methodology
The distribution of the saltlicks into this resguardo does not have cartographic information, or documents that indicate its location and biophysical characteristics. Table 1 identifies the saltlicks in prohibited and enchanted spaces. Figure 3 and Figure 4 illustrate the approximate location of some saltlicks reported by secondary information and field work carried out in the years 2015, 2016, 2017.

Plotting and Inventory Forest Sampling
The methodological framework allow to identify and approximate the structure, composition and richness of the forest community in 6 saltlicks and its control forest in Tikuna community, TICOYA resguado-San Martín de Amacayacu (SMA) 2 village (Colombia Amazon Trapeze). This was done in three stages: 1) Identification and analysis of relevant information about saltlicks, its flora composition and structure, which particular value was given to the information on the Tikuna and Uitoto life plans 3 . 2) Visit and recognition of 6 saltlicks and 6 control forest in the years 2015, 2016, 2017 with the permission and the attendance of Tikuna 4 people in San Martin de Amacayacu, about the status and structure of trees and the current management of these sacred spaces. 3) Analysis of biodiversity indicators, statistical analysis and conclusions.
The visit and identification of the saltlicks and control forest was carried out with the company of local knowledgeable indigenous. With them, the approximate area was calculated to establish transects of (4 × 50 m) with a distance between each transect of at least 60 meters. In the data forest sampling were taken 21 transects in saltlicks and 21 transects in control forests see Figure 5 and basic information in Table 2.
Trees with diameters at breast height that have more or 10 cm were characterized, species data (local name) and approximate total height were recording. See Table 3.
Trees data with their respective identified species were analyzed using the Diversity, Dominance, Equity and Richness indices, described in Aguirre Ramírez (2013) and Naidu & Kumar (2016). Which is done in order to determine the differences between the saltlicks and control forest. The indices used were Diversity Index of Shanon-Weaver (1949) Table 3. Base information heights and diameters trees classification for saltlicks and control forests. Source the authors.  If the Margalef index is less than 2.0, is low richness in the environment, if it is between 2.0 and 5.0, there is moderate richness, if it is greater than 5.0, there is great richness in the ecosystem (Naidu & Kumar, 2016). 7 Dominance occurs when one or several species (up to 3) have the environmental control conditions that influence the associated species. Dominance can influence the diversity of species in a community because diversity does not refer only to the number of species that make it up, but also to the proportion that each of them represents.

Forest Structure
In the saltlicks, the trees that are in more proportion in the DAP A diametric Heights distribution in saltlicks, it are concentrated in strata H2 and H3, in control forests are more trees in strata H3 and H4.

Composition
The saltlicks Patura and Venado present more number of trees. However, control forests have more number of trees in cpatura and cvenado. The number of species is more into Venado and Maloka saltlicks, and in the forest control cpatura. The number of families is higher in Venado saltlick and cvenado control forest. See Table 4 and Graph 3.
More than 25 botanical families were identified in saltlicks and control forests.
The drawings Figures 6-8 show the distribution of species and families in a typical transect in 3 saltlicks and its control forests 10 .
The following Figure  The consolidated distribution of the principal families of saltlicks and control forests is presented in Graph 4.
In Table 5 and Figure 10, is shown a summary of the botanical genres that have more than one tree or palm in each saltlick and control forest and that are presented in 4 or more units of analysis (saltlicks and control forest) in SMA.
The genres Astrocaryum and Virola are common in saltlicks and control forests. Nevertheless the genres Ficus and Pouteria are common in the control forests with an approximate representation of 5% and 12% respectively. 10 Annex 2, shows the species identified (Table A1).

Statistical Analysis
With the use of the SPSS statistical program, an analysis was carried out to recognize if exist significant differences between the composition and structure of the tree in saltlicks and the control forests in SMA, 673 trees and palms were used in 143 taxonomic units at the genre and species level when the tree was fully identified. The analysis used the univariate analysis tool with the saltlick, no-saltlick (control forest) as fixed variable and the covariate area, to analyze if the species, It can be observed that present a tendency in the forests control of trees distribution in H4 strata and in the bigger diameters. But the values are not statistically significant. See Table 6.
According to the results obtained, they have a tendency in the control forest of more species and genre, but it is not statistically significant. The variable family has more number in the saltlicks but it is not statistically significant. See Table 7.
After the significance of the families with the highest occurrence in saltlicks control forests were evaluated. The results are presented in Table 8.
The Moraceae family is representative under the statistical analysis in the control forests.   Huito and Aramacia have values close to 3.0, which indicates that their environments are biodiverse but not with highest values.

Biodiversity Indices
The control forests cpiedra, cvenado, cpatura, cpiedra and cmaloka have a high biodiversity, since their index is more than 3.0, while caramacia and chuito are close to 3.0, which indicates that they have good biodiversity but not the highest of the sample. The forest control cpatura is the one that has the highest value in this sample indexes.
Simpson dominance index: few dominance of species can be observed in all spaces (saltlicks and control forests), the values of this index are close to zero for all inventoried forests.
Equity index of Pielou: in all inventories forests, this index is close to 1.0, which indicates that these spaces are equitable for all species.
Margalef's richness index: all the saltlicks and control forests have good richness, because the index is higher than 5, the richest saltlicks are Venado and Maloka and the richest control forests are Cpatura and Cvenado.
According to Graph 5, the highest values of the indices are in the forest con-

Discussion
For the direct observation of saltlicks and control forest in the work camp, it is important to emphasize that: The vegetation in the saltlicks sample, (area of lickers and forest) has not been altered. The community of SMA is not allowed to down these trees or palms and  Table 10.
These, suggests that the composition of genres and species are different in the saltlicks and control forests. What deserves more inventories and researches in more number of samples and in all diameters of DAP for trees and palms.

Conclusion
Therefore, the number of trees is more in saltlicks; the number of species and of genres is more in the control forests, without being these statistically significant.
It was identified more than 25 botanical families, the frequent families by more The family Arecaceae is the one that predominates in the 6 saltlicks sample and in the control forests without being dominant.
Diversity is higher in saltlicks and control forests; their value is closer to 3.
This index is highest in Venado saltlick vs forest control; in the remaining 5 saltlicks this index is a little higher in the control forest. The highest value of this index is in Cpatura.
In inventoried forests there is little dominance of species and present equity index is positive.
There is more species richness in the control forests. Venado saltlick has the richness value higher than control forest; this saltlick is the one that has the highest index of the 6 saltlicks; the forest control cpatura is the one that presents the highest index of all values. In inventories carried out in permanent parcels of one hectare in the Amacayacu national park genres Astrocaryum and Inga are also the most frequent in the two plots. Open Journal of Forestry

Annex 1
Drawings with the distribution of genres and families in a typical transect in Huito, Aramacia and Piedra saltlicks and their control forests.