The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Readiness for Organizational Change: A Case Study on a Government Authority in Saudi Arabia

This study sought mainly to examine the effect of Emotional intelligence (EI) and readiness for organizational change (RFC). Additionally, the study sought to explore the association between EI, RFC and demographic variables. The data were collected from employees from a government authority in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho to find the relation between EI and employee’s RFC. Then, Simple Linear Regression was applied to find the effect of EI on the employee’s RFC. In addition, association between RFC and demographic variables was determined by Chi-square. The findings of this study confirmed the significant relationship between EI and employees’ readiness to accept change. There was a statistically significant association between RFC and education level among participants. How-ever, there was no association between other demographic variables and RFC or EI. This study has some limitations that were presented at the end of the study.


Introduction
Change is a constant process that disrupts the typical patterns and frameworks of organizations. Therefore, organizations usually strive to evolve rapidly to adapt to new changes and remain competitive. Nonetheless many researchers posited that about 70% of change initiatives do not yield the intended outcome. This failure is attributed mostly to the individuals' ability to deal with change challenges. [1] contended that individuals' readiness for change is a fundamental prerequisite for success in organizational change. The success of organizational change is reliant on the individuals' positive perceptions and feelings about change, and consequently compels individuals to embrace and support change.
Individual readiness for change, which hereafter will be identified as RFC, has been defined as an individual's "beliefs, attitudes, and intentions regarding the extent to which changes are needed and the organization's capacity to successfully undertake those changes" ( [2] p. 681). Researchers of earlier works have adduced the role of readiness in the effective implementation of change [3] [4] [5].
Utilizing previous observations, researchers have focused on factors that may have influenced employees' readiness for organizational change (RFC). Several studies have identified Emotional Intelligence (hereafter will be identified as EI) as a significant construct that has had an impact on change [6] [7] [8], specifically, the contribution of EI to readiness for organizational change [9] [10].
Studies examining the role of EI in fostering employees' RFC are limited, especially in Saudi Arabian context. In this paper I proposed that EI would promote readiness for organizational change. The primary question of this study is as follows: Is there any significant positive relationship between EI and RFC? [11] noted the importance of reframing the problem of change from resistance to change to readiness for change (RFC). They argued that, "using the term readiness instead of resistance is more congruent with the roles that the coaches and champions play in introducing change" ( [11] p. 132). Organizations need to focus on the employees since they constitute the engine for driving change into its right destination. To be successful, organizational change initiatives must be supported, adopted and implemented effectively by employees [12] [13] [14].

Individual Readiness for Change
Therefore, individuals' readiness is salient for the failure success of organizational change [11] [15].
Individual readiness for organizational change has been defined severally; for example, [16] defined RFC as, "the extent to which an individual or individuals are cognitively and emotionally inclined to accept, embrace and adopt a particular plan to purposefully alter the status quo" ( [17] p. 235). While [2] defined RFC as the individual's cognitive assessment that makes him either embrace or oppose any change initiative. Regardless of the variations in the conceptualization of individual readiness, the consensus is that individual RFC requires an individual's belief that change is necessary, applicable and can bring about positive outcomes [5] [16] [17].
Ample individual RFC has proven to be a critical antecedent to the successful M. S. Alzahrani implementation of changes [18]. A study conducted by [15] revealed that employees with a higher level of readiness in the early stage of change implementation showed more willingness to adjust their behaviors to support the change initiative. [19] stated that change programs failed due to lack of the necessary psychological preparation and support for individuals which paralyzes the organizations embarking on change initiatives. The significance of individual's readiness for change has been compelling for organizations to further work on preparing employees and focus on individual change management.
Many researchers examined the factors that predict individual RFC in order to provide more understanding of this phenomenon.

Emotional Intelligence
The origins of EI date back to [21] social intelligence refers the ability to identify and manage relations with others. However, the first formal model of EI was developed by [22]. Their model became known as the "ability" model and comprised of three areas; appraisal and expression of emotion, regulation of emotion, and utilization of emotion as intelligence.
The concept of EI gained popularity when [7] published his book, "Emotional Intelligence", and has been the most influential of the scientific conceptualization of EI.
The research of [22] [23] have inspired, shaped and guided subsequent frameworks and conceptualizations of EI. The theoretical framework of EI as an ability was posited by [24] as a set of skills and personal competencies. Furthermore, EI is defined as "the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action" ( [22], p. 189). Additionally, [17] conceptualized EI as comprising a set of abilities that may be utilized to understand the individual's own as well as other's emotions, and to think and behave rationally. On the other hand, [23] perceived EI as set of learned skills and competencies. Many studies emphasized the impact of EI on some organizational outcomes as, employee effectiveness, performance, transformational leadership, leadership capacity, career commitment, managerial advancement, and organizational change [25] [26] [27]. Earlier researchers have confirmed the significance of EI in dealing with change [23] [24]. This argument was advanced by other researchers. For example, [8] found that EI contributed to the individual's adaptation and facilitate revolutionary change process. In another study by [6] the results showed that individuals with high EI can cope with workplace stresses that might occur as a consequence of organizational change.
A study conducted by [9] was designed to examine the relationships of EI, organizational commitment, and leadership behavior as influences on organization RFC in a higher education institution; concluded that RFC was affected by EI, organizational commitment and transactional leadership behavior. A recent study conducted by [28] examined the effects of leadership behavior and EI on RFC among employees in public institutions of higher education in Malaysia found, among other findings, that EI had a significant effect on employees' RFC. [10] investigated the relationship of EI with the cultural quotient (CQ) using a population sample of 109 mid-level managers in the public sector. The results found that Emotional Quotient (EQ) had significantly positive relationship with change readiness (r = 0.513) and the subscales of change readiness were also positively related with EQ.
Based on the previous discussion, the following hypothesis was developed: H1: Emotional Intelligence (EI) is positively associated with employee's readiness for change.

Research Methodology
This study adopted a quantitative approach to examine the hypothesis. The sample population was selected from employees of a government authority in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Using the random sampling technique, an online survey was emailed to 200 employees. Of the 200 surveys emailed, 67 employees responded to the surveys; 64.2% males and 61.2% females.

Instruments
The self-reported EI scale was used to assess the EI of the participants. This scale was developed by [29] comprises 33 items. The respondents were asked to indicate the degree to which they agreed with the statements on a scale of 1-strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree. The employee readiness questionnaire consisted of 14 items, this tool was developed by [20].

Data Analysis
The collected data were analyzed using SPSS v. 23 program: "Statistical Package for Social Sciences". Firstly, Cronbach's alpha was utilized to determine the reliability for the questionnaire. Secondly, Spearman's rho was used to find the relation between EI and employee's RFC. Thirdly, Simple Linear Regression was applied to find the effect of EI on the employee's RFC. Finally, Chi square was used to test the relation between the level of EI, employees' RFC and the demographic variables. Table 1 shows that Cronbach's Alpha was 0.894 for the whole questionnaire, 0.884 for the EI and 0.856 for the RFC. Therefore the questionnaire was reliable because the recommended cutoff is 0.70 according to experts such as [30] (Table  1).

Result
The current study examined the level of EI and its effect on employee's RFC.
Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data of EI (minimum, maximum, mean and Standard Deviation  (Table 4).
Simple Linear Regression was utilized in which the dependent variable was RFC and the independent variable was EI. The result shows that the model was significant with the P-value < 0.05, and R = 0.356 and R-square = 0.127; meaning EI showed 13% of the variation in the dependent variable (RFC). Absence of multicollinearity was checked by conducting correlations among the dependent variables. Each pair of dependent variables were found moderately related without any correlation over 0.80, concluded no multicollinearity among variables (VIF < 3). Also assumption for normality for the residual was met. F-ANOVA had P-value less than 0.05 indicate significant model; such independent variables explained variation in the dependent variable. Regression coefficient Beta for EI was 0.704 with (P < 0.05), indicate that for every increase in EI, predictor variable, by one scale unit, the RFC, dependent variable, will increase by 0.704 unit (Table 5).
Association between RFC and demographic variables was determined by Chi-square test which showed that there was a statistically significant association between RFC and education level among participants (P < 0.05). Participants

Discussion
The main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of EI on RFC. Additionally, the study sought to explore the association between EI, RFC and This study has several practical implications for organizations going through organizational change. Firstly, it is essential for managers and leaders in different organizations to assess employees' readiness for change to make sure that they are ready for the challenges associated with change. Secondly, managers can design programs to promote employees' emotional intelligence competencies. Enhancing emotional intelligence especially interpersonal and intrapersonal skills will contribute immensely in promoting healthy work relationships and allow more cooperation and support among employees.
Finally, although this study offers insights about the research problem, there were noticeable limitations to this study. This study adopted a cross sectional design where the data were collected at a single point in time. The study utilized self-reporting scales for all variables and this method can have biases and limitations. Future research is recommended to extend the examination of the impact of EI on organizational readiness for change at the individual level, to include work teams as the basic structural unit. Further research may validate this study with larger sample sizes and prove that there is a relationship between EI and RFC. Research could also be conducted to understand other dimensions of EI that have more influence on readiness. In addition, future research may initiate a longitudinal study to discover the relationship between EI and employees' readiness for organizational change.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.