Pronostic Factors of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases at Donka National Hospital

Objectives: To identify predictive factors for poor prognosis during cerebral toxoplasmosis at Donka Hospital. Methods: It was a retrospective study of descriptive and analytic type lasting one year six months (18 months) from January 1st, 2016 to June 30th, 2017 which involved patients admitted and hospitalized for cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV field. Data enter was performed by Epi data 3.1 software and SPSS 21 software for statistical analysis. The threshold of significance was p 3 (p = 0.009), and coma (p = 0.02) were the factors associated with death. Conclusion: This study showed that cerebral toxoplasmosis is associated with very high morbidity and mortality in the Infectious Diseases Department of Donka National Hospital. Living in a relationship, CD4 counts at baseline 3 and coma were independently associated with death. Special attention to these factors associated with infectious resuscitation and primary prevention in patients with a CD4 T lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm may improve the prognosis of this pathology.


Background
Toxoplasmosis has emerged as a major opportunistic disease in patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It can manifest itself as a potentially fatal encephalitis, due to the reactivation of latent infections in immune suppression associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [1] [2]. Toxoplasmosis is at the top of the list of diseases that occur death in patients with AIDS [3]. Although the incidence of cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) has decreased as a result of antiretroviral therapy (ART), it is still a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem and a life-threatening condition [4]. Death proportion among toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients is estimated at around 10% in the United States and up to 30% in Europe [3]. Associated factors and likelihood survival characteristics of toxoplasmic encephalitis in the era of antiretroviral therapy have not been addressed in our context. Knowledge of these factors could help improve the survival of PLHIV. The objective of our study was to identify predictive factors for poor prognosis during cerebral toxoplasmosis in the field of HIV infection.

Study Setting and Design
The Infectious Diseases Department at Donka National Hospital served as our study. It is one of the referral services in the treatment of HIV in the Republic of Guinea.
This was a retrospective study of descriptive and analytical type lasting one year six months from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017.

Study Population
The study looked at the records of patients admitted and hospitalized for cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV field at SMIT at Donka National Hospital.

Inclusion Criteria
We included patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis on HIV field received and hospitalized at the SMIT of Donka National Hospital during the study period.

Definition Criteria
The diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis was retained in an HIV-infected patient with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/ml, combining intense headaches resistant to usual analgesics, unexplained fever, and focal neurological deficit (hemiplegia or hemiparesis), a syndrome of intracranial hypertension, a disorder of consciousness (agitation, obnubilation, temporal-spatial disorientation, coma).
Cerebral CT revealing one or more images of hypodensity circled by a contrast enhancement (cockade), or hyperdensity.
In cases where imaging was not available, good evolution with Cotrimoxazole allowed the diagnosis of CT to be retained.

Data and Measures
Socio-demographic characteristics information (age, sex, marital status, residence), antecedents (CD4 and hemoglobin levels at treatment initiation, primary cotrimoxazole prophylaxis), clinical signs (general signs, neurological signs), paraclinical data (toxoplasmic serology and magnetic resonance imaging), treatment and outcome (healed, deceased, referred) were collected in all patients.

Data Analysis
Data enter was performed by Epi data 3.1 software and SPSS 21 software for statistical analysis.
Proportions were calculated for the qualitative variables. Quantitative variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Comparison of proportion was performed by chi2 test or exact fisher. The Student's test was used for the comparison of averages. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to search for factors associated with death. Only variables whose value of p-value was less than or equal to 0.20 in univariate were taken into account in the multivariate analysis. The threshold of significance was set at p < 0.05.

Ethical Consideration
Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Conakry. Participants were informed that the information collected for this research project were kept confidential and information about collected by this study will be stored in a file, without their name, but code number assigned to it.

Socio-economic demographic and clinical characteristics
During our study period, 495 patients were hospitalized at the Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases at national hospital of Donka are not 87 years old for cerebral toxoplasmosis in the field of HIV or 17.58%.
The characteristics of all patients are described in Table 1.
Cerebral toxoplasmosis was indicative of HIV infection in 43.7% of patients.

Discussion
Aim of this study was to identify the predictive factors for poor prognosis during cerebral toxoplasmosis in the service of infectious diseases at the Donka National Hospital. During six months, we found 87 cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis out of a total of 495 cases, with 17.58% of hospital frequency.
It is reported in the literature that relates to the state of the nervous system. It is 10% to 20% of cases, and more than 50% of AIDS patients [5]. Other authors found in Côte d'Ivoire in 2007 16% of cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis [6].
This result denoted delayed diagnosis of HIV in the part and adherence to primary prophylaxis with cotrimozaxole of another party. The risk of death was 19 times higher in people with a CD4 count < 200 cells/mm 3 at initiation of ART. At this stage, the patient is in a state of advanced immune suppression (AIDS) exposed to serious opportunistic infections, moreover, we often see the appearance of several opportunistic infections and this state would lead to death.
The results also showed that comatose were 5 times more likely to die during the stay than non-comatose. The coma denotes a serious encephalic attack we attend an impossibility for the patient to eat. In the absence of adequate resuscitation, we witness the installation of a vicious circle. Lack of adequate nutrition in a previously undernourished patient further weakens the immune system, making this group of patients more likely to die.
Despite the interesting results of this study, it has limitations. Its retrospective nature did not make it possible to know the future of the referred patients, it also did not make it possible to find certain information notably the demonstration of the nonobservance to the TAR, the delay in the diagnosis and the recourse to the triple therapy of the patients.

Conclusion
This study showed that cerebral toxoplasmosis is associated with very high morbidity and mortality in the Infectious Diseases Department of Donka National Hospital. Living in a relationship, CD4 counts at baseline < 200 cells/mm 3 and coma were independently associated with death. Special attention to these factors associated with infectious resuscitation and primary prevention in patients with a CD4 T lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm may improve the prognosis of this pathology.