Towards Optimal Planning and Scheduling in Smart Homes

This research addresses the planning and scheduling problem in and among the smart homes in a community microgrid. We develop a bi-linear algorithm, named ECO-Trade to generate the near-optimal schedules of the households’ loads, storage and energy sources. The algorithm also facilitates Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading among the smart homes in a community microgrid. However, P2P trading potentially results in an unfair cost distribution among the participating households. To the best of our knowledge, the ECO-Trade algorithm is the first near-optimal cost optimization algorithm which considers the unfair cost distribution problem for a Demand Side Management (DSM) system coordinated with P2P energy trading. It also solves the time complexity problem of our previously proposed optimal model. Our results show that the solution time of the ECO-Trade algorithm is mostly less than a minute. It also shows that 97% of the solutions generated by the ECO-Trade algorithm are optimal solutions. Furthermore, we analyze the solutions and identify that the algorithm sometimes gets trapped at a local minimum because it alternately sets the microgrid price and quantity as constants. Finally, we describe the reasons of the cost increase by a local minimum and analyze its impact on cost optimization.


Introduction
The significance of smart home research is growing rapidly because of increasing industrial demand. In North America, the forecasted annual growth rate of to automate and optimize services. Smart grid is one of the examples of service integration, which aims at optimizing the residential electricity usage according to energy demand and supply. People spend a significant amount of time in their households, which attracts potential investors to promote the integration of all possible services into traditional homes. Current trends indicate that smart homes are gradually becoming the centers for intelligent service consumption.
This research addresses the planning and scheduling problem in smart homes.
It also considers the interactions between the smart homes in a community microgrid. In the smart homes, the prosumers generate energy from the renewables (e.g., solar panels, miniature wind turbines, etc.) and store energy into energy storage systems (e.g., electric vehicles, home energy storage, etc.). A network of interconnected smart homes in a neighborhood forms a community microgrid which enables peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading among themselves. This research emphasizes on energy source, storage and load scheduling in smart homes to increase energy efficiency and minimize the energy costs. Figure 1 illustrates a community microgrid infrastructure formed by smart homes.
This research integrates Demand Side Management (DSM) with P2P energy trading in a community microgrid. However, P2P energy trading may create a cost fairness issue. It means that a household cost when it trades energy in the microgrid is sometimes higher than the cost when it does not participate. This issue may discourage end-users from participating in energy trading. We address this unfair cost distribution problem by assuring Pareto optimality among the households in the microgrid. In our previous study, we developed an optimal model to solve this multi-objective cost optimization problem [2]. The optimal model is a non-convex Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model and we showed that even for the small and relatively trivial problems, the solution times of the optimal model became intractable, i.e., solution times increase exponentially with the increase of the problem sizes [2]. Therefore, using the optimal model is not practical to solve the real-world problems. To overcome this limitation, we develop a near-optimal algorithm, named ECO-Trade which can solve this optimization problem with lower computation time [3]. Our results show that the solution time of the proposed algorithm is very low, mostly less than a minute, compared to the optimal model which sometimes takes hours. It also shows that, for real and synthetic datasets, at least 97% of the solutions generated by the proposed algorithm are optimal solutions. Therefore, we can conclude that the ECO-Trade algorithm is a better alternative to the optimal model considering both accuracy and solution time.
Furthermore, in contrast to our previous paper [3] where we identified the impact of peer-to-peer trading, this paper analyzes the conditions when the proposed ECO-Trade algorithm breaks down and generates sub-optimal solutions. We analyze the solutions and identify that the proposed algorithm sometimes gets trapped at a local minimum because it alternately sets the microgrid price and microgrid quantity as constants. We describe the reasons of the cost increase by a local minimum and analyze its impact on cost optimization. This analysis may help the future researcher to improve the proposed algorithm.
The reminder of this article is organized as follows. Section 2 identifies the research gap and discusses the significance of the ECO-Trade optimization algorithm. Section 3 describes the ECO-Trade algorithm. Section 4 presents the results using synthetic and real datasets. Section 5 analyzes the conditions for sub-optimal solutions. Section 6 discusses the impact of a local minimum on cost optimization. Finally, Section 7 concludes the article, summarizing our contributions.

Literature Review
An energy cost optimization problem is typically formulated as a linear or non-linear optimization model. Linear programming is widely used to solve linear optimization models [4] [5] [6]. The time required to solve a linear model is comparatively lower than a non-linear model. If an optimization model is non-linear but convex, it is still possible to solve within a realistic time frame [7]. However, in general, the solution times of non-linear optimization models are comparatively higher than the linear models and hence, such optimal solution approaches are not suitable to solve these problems [2]. Therefore, a number of researchers proposed approximate algorithms for this purpose [8] [9] [10] [11].
The ECO-Trade algorithm that we use in this paper is an approximate algorithm. However, the solutions generated by the ECO-Trade algorithm are optimal solutions for almost all scenarios and problem sizes. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy P2P energy trading among the households is a comparatively new concept.
The P2P service providers maintain the distribution network and provide metering and billing services [12] [13]. These projects primarily considered the development of business models rather than optimizing energy cost coordinated with DSM. Shamsi et al. introduced an auction market in a community microgrid [14]. In this microgrid, each household trades energy with others in the presence of the grid. Liu et al. proposed an energy sharing infrastructure among the prosumers [15]. They considered the microgrid energy price as a function of the Supply and Demand Ratio (SDR) and modeled the optimization problem using bi-level programing. Tushar  methods [19]. Their results show that the SDR method outperforms the others.
However, none of the methods proposed in the literature evaluated the performance of their approximate algorithms with optimal methods. Therefore, we do not know the accuracy of the solutions generated by these methods and hence cannot evaluate their performance. On the contrary, in this paper, we evaluate our ECO-Trade algorithm with an optimal method [2]. Our results show that for real and synthetic datasets, the ECO-Trade algorithm generates optimal solutions with 97% accuracy.
This work presents a near-optimal cost optimization algorithm which considers the unfair cost distribution problem for a DSM system coordinated with P2P energy trading. Table 1 shows that most of the algorithms reported in the literature do not have the same features as ours. Therefore, a quantitative comparison with these methods is not a proper way to evaluate our algorithm. However, we still need an approach to compare our algorithm to demonstrate its effectiveness. For this reason, we initially developed an optimal model [2] which always provides exact solutions. We used this optimal model to evaluate the performance of the proposed approximate/heuristic algorithm.

ECO-Trade Algorithm
The proposed ECO-Trade algorithm follows a bi-linear programming approach.
It breaks down our previously proposed optimal model (which is a non-convex Objective Function: If a household does not participate in microgrid energy trading, its energy cost is expressed as (1).
The objective function is defined as (2), The optimal solution should satisfy the following constraints.
Energy Balance Constraints: Constraint (3) ensures the balance of energy consumption and generation in each timeslot for all households. The total energy consumed by the loads should be the same as the total energy generated by the energy sources. In this constraint, the grid and renewables are energy sources and the home appliances are loads. The storage and the microgrid can be energy sources or loads based on their functionalities in each timeslot.
Stored Energy Constraints: In the first timeslot, storage energy is a function of initial storage energy, storage efficiency and self-discharging rate as expressed in (4).
The stored energy in the other timeslots is a function of the available stored energy in the immediate previous timeslot, storage efficiency, and self-discharging rate, which has been expressed in (5).
The proposed algorithm discourages charging and discharging a storage at the same time because it will increase the energy cost. While charging the storage, due to the efficiency ( k E ), we lose energy which we could have used directly to power an appliance/load or to sell, without loss. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy There are 2 ways to represent storage charging. One is using discrete charging power (on/off charging using a Boolean variable). Another way is using continuous values as the storage charging power. We used the former method so that the proposed algorithm can also consider the storage of an EV. The charging duration of an EV depends on the charging power and this on/off charging feature with fixed charging power gives the user more control over the required time to charge a storage.
Storage Capacity Constraints: Constraints (6) and (7) ensure that a storage energy should not exceed the maximum storage capacity and should not go below the minimum energy level.
Task Duration Constraints: For each appliance, Constraint (8) If an appliance is requested multiple times within the same time horizon, the algorithm schedules the appliance operation as if it had multiple similar appliances.
Relationship between the Scheduling Vector and the End Time Constraints: The end time of an appliance should also be the last execution time.

( )
, , , , , , Maximum Allowable Delay Constraints: Constraint (12) specifies that an appliance operation must be completed before (or at) the user defined maximum Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Uninterruptibility Constraints: Constraints (13) and (14) define that an uninterruptible appliance keeps running without any interruption until it completes its operation.
Utility Grid Max Power Limit Constraints: Constraint (15) limits the power that can be drawn from the grid.

Module 2: Price Computation Module
Module 2 computes the microgrid energy price. In this module, Here, total C is the total cost of all households and k C is the total cost of the k-th household which are expressed in (18) and (19) respectively. , , , The total energy bought from the microgrid is the same as the total energy sold to the microgrid. Therefore, microgrid energy price does not have an impact on the total cost. Hence, Equation (18) does not require the microgrid energy cost. This multi-objective optimization problem is solved by using total C as the sole objective function and the remaining objective functions, k C , are added as inequality constraints (Constraint (24) discussed later). Therefore, the objective function of Module 2 is defined as (20). min total C (20) The optimization model should satisfy Constraints (4) (15) as well as the following constraints.
Energy Balance Constraints: Constraint (21) ensures that, in a specific household, total energy consumption is equal or less than the total available energy.
Microgrid Energy Price Constraints: Constraints (22) and (23) define the maximum and minimum limits of microgrid energy price.
It ensures that a household cost when it participates in microgrid trading must be less than or equal to the cost when it does not participate.

Module 3: Energy Computation Module
The third module computes the microgrid energy,  (22) and (23) because microgrid prices are constants, and 2) Constraint (21) of Module 2 is modified as Constraint (25). Module 3 also requires the following constraints.
Energy Balance Constraints: Constraint (25) ensures that, for a specific household, the total energy consumption should be the same as the total available energy.

Results
In this section, we compare the proposed ECO-Trade algorithm with the optimal model to evaluate its performance. We used a 64 bit Fedora 20 machine with Intel Core i7 CPU (2.67 GHz) and 12 GB RAM to collect the results. CPLEX 12.6.1.0 [20] is used to solve the models.

Small Scenarios with Synthetic Data
This section shows the impact of the number of households, timeslots and appliances on the computation time. Table 2 specifies the static parameters used for the scenarios. Table 3 shows the minimum and maximum bounds for generating uniformly distributed parameters. The ECO-Trade algorithm terminates if the cost does not improve more than 0.1% in the last 10 iterations. We solved 492 scenarios for the optimal model and the ECO-Trade algorithm. Among all these scenarios, 111 solutions exceeded the cut off time (set to 8 hr) for the optimal model and we did not get any solution for these cases. Therefore, the comparison between the optimal and the ECO-Trade models considers 381 solutions of each model. Figure 2 shows that the median computation times of the ECO-Trade algorithm are almost constant for any number of appliances. On the contrary, the computation times of the optimal model increase exponentially with the number of appliances. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show that the computation times of both algorithms increase exponentially with the number of timeslots and households. The average of the median solution times of the ECO-Trade algorithm is very low (0.46 sec) compared to the optimal model (2316 sec or 38 min). For all scenarios, the maximum median solution time of the ECO-Trade algorithm is less than 5 sec whereas the maximum median solution time of the optimal model is 7737 sec (2 hr and 9 min). We consider 0.01% deviation from the optimal solution as an acceptable optimal solution. Our results show that over 97% of the ECO-Trade solutions are optimal solutions. The worst deviation from the optimal solution in all 381 cases is 5.2%.

Large Scenarios with Real Data
In the previous section, we compared the ECO-Trade algorithm with the optimal model for small problem sizes. Although it is the best approach to evaluate the performance of an approximate algorithm, it is not practical for our case because we are unable to generate solutions for large scenarios. If we exclude the non-linear constraints from the optimal model, its time complexity will decrease because in this case, the optimal model will be reduced to an MILP model.
However, this optimal model will no longer ensure Pareto optimality.    The cost of the previously proposed optimal model [2] can be equal or greater than the optimal model used in this section. The relationships between these costs are expressed in Figure 5. The minimum cost which does not consider the  Pareto optimality is always equal to or less than the minimum cost that considers Pareto optimality. In Figure 5, the difference between these 2 costs is represented by a. Instead of comparing the ECO-Trade algorithm with the optimal model with Pareto optimality [2] (the difference is b), we compare it with the optimal model without Pareto optimality (the difference is c). Here, where the value of a is either 0 or a small number. Hence, c b ≥ . We used household load datasets collected in Ottawa [21]. In [21], the authors Figure 5. Relationship between the ECO-trade algorithm and the optimal models with/without Pareto optimality. considered 12 households which were selected based on their annual consumption profiles. The electricity bills of the potential participants were examined; some volunteers were selected for the study because their annual electricity consumption were close to the Canadian average, whereas others were selected because they consume below or above the average.

We collected solar irradiance for Ottawa from the National Solar Radiation
Database (NSRDB) [22] which is maintained by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [23]. The database is developed using the Physical Solar Model (PSM) [24]. The PV array configuration is given in Table 4. We used the PV_LIB MATLAB toolbox [25] developed by Sandia National Laboratories [26] to convert the solar irradiance to DC power. The King Diffuse model (developed by David L. King at Sandia National Laboratory) was used to determine the total diffuse irradiance (sky diffuse and ground reflected irradiance) [27]. We did not consider any DC to AC inverter.
We used Tesla Powerwall as the home energy storage. The storage characteristics are given in Table 5 [28]. A Powerwall battery can store up to 6.4 kWh and we consider that its energy level should not go below 40% of the maximum storage capacity (2.56 kWh). The required power to charge the storage is 3.3 kW.
Its charging efficiency is 92% and self-discharging rate is approximately 1% per day which is 0.042% per hour.
We used 4 representative days of 2010 based on seasons (summer and winter) and days of the week (weekend day and weekday). We used Real-Time Price (RTP) and Time-Of-Use (TOU) prices of these days to evaluate our algorithm.
Hydro Ottawa uses a TOU price which is set by the Ontario Energy Board (OEB) [29]. Pagani et al. considered the day ahead price advertised by the wholesale market as the retail energy price for the end user and proposed that this price can be used as RTP [30]. To use this idea in our research, we collected the hourly wholesale energy price advertised by the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) [31]. The Hourly Ontario Energy Price (HOEP) from IESO Historical Reports (2002-present) was used as RTP [32]. IESO is responsible for operating the electricity market and directing the operation of the bulk electrical system in the province of Ontario, Canada. Hydro Ottawa buys energy from IESO [33]. We used different settings of the parameters to generate different scenarios. For household loads, we considered a summer weekday, a summer weekend day, a winter weekday and a winter weekend day load profiles. For each of these load profiles, we divided the scenarios based on user preference: economy and comfort. A user may prefer to save cost, which we labeled as economy. We used a low value of the disutility factor (0.001 per timeslot) so that the algorithm can tolerate more delay in appliance operation. On the other hand, a user may prefer more comfort. In this setting, the disutility factor is set to a higher value (200 per timeslot) so that the algorithm shows reluctance to any delay in appliance operation. If the household has a storage, the scenarios were varied based on the initial storage energy. A household can have minimum storage energy or maximum storage energy at the beginning of a planning cycle. The parameters were also different for RTP and TOU energy price schemes. A detailed description of how these parameters were used to generate different scenarios can be found in [34].
We generated 112 different scenarios for performance analysis. The ECO-Trade algorithm terminates if the cost does not improve more than 0.1% within 3 consecutive iterations. Results show that the ECO-Trade algorithm provides optimal solutions for 99% of the scenarios. The remaining 1% of cases had a cost at most 1.8% higher than the optimal solution. The median solution time is around 4.6 sec for all scenarios. For the ECO-Trade algorithm, the solution times of 90.2% of the scenarios are below 1 min. We observed that 7.1% of the scenarios took more than 2 min to solve. Therefore, we conclude that the proposed ECO-Trade algorithm is a better alternative to the optimal model considering the trade-off between the accuracy and the solution time.

Analysis of Local Minima
The ECO-Trade algorithm sometimes gets trapped into a local minimum and cannot improve the resulting solution any further. In this section, we analyze the conditions under which the algorithm generates sub-optimal solutions. For simplicity, we consider only 2 households, 2 timeslots and 1 appliance. We exclude the renewables and the self-discharging feature of the storage. We do not consider the disutility cost, i.e., all disutility factors are set to 0. The appliance and storage characteristics are shown in Table 6 and Table 7 respectively.

Cost without Microgrid Trading
We use Module 1 of the ECO-Trade algorithm to generate the household cost when they are not participating in the microgrid energy trading. Table 8 shows that the minimum costs for household 1 and household 2 are 19.5 and 43.5 respectively when they are not participating in microgrid trading. These costs should be the maximum costs when they participate in microgrid trading for cost optimization. Therefore, when the 2 households are optimized individually, the total cost is 63.

Cost Using the Optimal Model
Now, we introduce the microgrid and solve the same optimization problem, but this time also allowing the households to trade energy with each other. Table 9 summarizes the results for the 2 households, using the same format as before. A negative value of microgrid energy indicates that the household is actually selling energy to the microgrid, whereas a positive value indicates that the household buys that much energy from the microgrid. Compared to the previous solution, the total cost of household 1 decreases from 19.5 to 18.14 and the total cost of household 2 decreases from 43.5 to 41.86.

Sub-Optimal Cost Using the ECO-Trade Algorithm
To generate a suboptimal result with this simple scenario, we initialize the microgrid prices for the two timeslots as follows. We use the grid price (which is the maximum limit of the microgrid price) as the microgrid price at the 1st timeslot and we use 0 (which is the minimum limit of the microgrid price) as the microgrid price at the last timeslot. The ECO-Trade algorithm gets trapped into a local minimum and cannot improve the solution any further. It generates the same solution in the next few iterations and finally terminates with a solution which is given in Table 10.
In Table 10, for household 1 at timeslot 1, both microgrid and grid prices are 3. It is cost effective to charge the storage with cheap energy at this timeslot to use it at the last timeslot when energy is expensive. In the 1st timeslot, the total  Max Capacity (kWh) 6 8 Min Capacity (kWh) 2 2 Charging Efficiency 50% 50% Self-Discharging Rate (per Timeslots) 0% 0%  Table 9. Optimal cost with microgrid trading (optimal model). minimum load is 7 kWh (2 kWh for the appliance and 5 kWh for charging the storage). Household 1 sells 7 kWh of energy to Household 2. Therefore, the total load at this timeslot is 14 kWh. This 14 kWh is drawn from the grid and the storage (13.5 kWh from the grid and 0.5 kWh from the storage). Selling energy to the microgrid does not have any impact on the household cost because buying grid energy has the same cost as selling energy to the microgrid. Therefore, the energy cost for household 1 is 19.53 for 6.5 kWh energy. At timeslot 2, household 1 does not buy energy from the grid. It uses 2 kWh of energy from the storage. The microgrid price is 0 at this timeslot. Hence, buying or selling energy to the microgrid does not impact the household cost (microgrid quantity is set to 0 kWh).
In an iteration, when the microgrid prices are 3 and 0 (constants) for timeslots 1 and 2 respectively, we get a solution which trades −7 kWh and 0 kWh of energy in the microgrid. This solution provides the maximum cost for Household 1, which is 19.5. The microgrid quantity does not have any impact on the energy cost because either the microgrid price is 0 or it is the same as the grid price.
Therefore, this solution cannot be improved for the given constant microgrid prices.
In the next iteration, when the microgrid quantities are constants (−7 kWh and 0 kWh for timeslots 1 and 2 respectively) the solution cannot be improved either. At timeslot 1, any microgrid price which is less than 3 will increase the Household 1 energy cost to more than 19.5, which violates the Pareto optimality constraint. For timeslot 2, the microgrid price does not have any impact on energy cost because the households do not trade energy at this timeslot.
A similar explanation is also applicable to household 2. When the microgrid prices are constants (3 and 0 for timeslots 1 and 2 respectively), the total energy cost of this household is the same for any amount of microgrid energy trading. On the other hand, when the microgrid quantities are constants (7 kWh and 0 kWh for timeslots 1 and 2 respectively), any value which is less than 3 violates the Pareto optimality constraint for Household 1. For timeslot 2, the microgrid price does not have any impact because it does not trade energy in microgrid.
In an iteration, if the energy price is greater than 0 (at timeslot 2 for both households), we will not trade energy: the only household available to sell into the microgrid is household 1, but it has no energy available (unless it bought some from the grid, but then it would have to sell at least at the grid price to come out ahead).
In addition to this simple example, we analyze all scenarios which generated Smart Grid and Renewable Energy sub-optimal solutions. These are relatively large scenarios and it is hard to identify the exact reasons for sub-optimal solutions. We notice different patterns in the solutions which are mostly related to the boundary values of the microgrid price. Every sub-optimal scenario we found has microgrid energy prices that are higher in adjacent timeslots and the price is either 0 or the same as (or at least very close to) the grid price. However, scenarios where the grid prices are close to these boundary values do not always result in a sub-optimal solution.
In the proposed bi-linear optimization, the algorithm sets the microgrid prices as constants and determines the microgrid quantities in one module. In the next iteration, it sets the microgrid quantities as constants and determines the microgrid prices. This property of the algorithm sometimes does not allow the solution to be improved while maintaining the Pareto optimality constraints in each iteration. Therefore, we can conclude that the ECO-Trade algorithm sometimes gets trapped at a local minimum because it alternately sets the microgrid price and microgrid quantity as constants.

Impact of Local Minima
In this section, we analyze how a local minimum increases the total cost in a microgrid. To explore the factors, we studied the scenario which provides the worst solution with synthetic data. The scenario consists of 30 households, 2 appliances and 3 timeslots. The parameters used for this optimization were generated randomly as described in Section 4.1. For this scenario, the optimal cost is 132.79 and the sub-optimal cost generated by the ECO-Trade algorithm is 139.68. The sub-optimal cost is 5.2% higher than the optimal cost. We use this specific scenario to analyze all the results presented in this section.
There are 2 main reasons for an increase in the cost of the proposed the ECO-Trade algorithm. First, the sub-optimal microgrid price may force the ECO-Trade algorithm to buy more energy from the grid compared to the optimal solution. Second, it may delay an appliance operation compared to the optimal solution.

Buying More Energy from the Grid
If, in a microgrid area, the households buy more energy from the grid compared to the optimal solution, then the ECO-Trade algorithm cannot produce the optimal solution. There are 2 main reasons that may cause the solution derived by the ECO-Trade algorithm to buy more energy from the grid:

Energy Loss Due to Storage Self-Discharging
In a microgrid area, households may buy more energy from the grid if the storage devices lose more energy due to self-discharging. Table 11 shows that in the sub-optimal solution, the households lose 0.2 kWh more energy compared to the optimal solution due to self-discharging.

Disutility Cost
The ECO-Trade solution sometimes delays an appliance operation, which increases the cost due to the disutility cost. Table 11 shows that households 4, 20, 21, 23 and 27 increase their cost by 2.35 compared to the optimal model. Table 11 shows that the total cost increment due to increased disutility and storage charging is 6.78, which is almost the cost difference between the optimal and the ECO-Trade algorithm (6.89). The remaining 0.11 cost increase is due to the cost related to self-discharging loss and the precision of the used values (we considered 2 digits after the decimal point). The root cause of this sub-optimal solution is that the ECO-Trade algorithm does not determine the optimal microgrid price.

Conclusions
This paper analyzes the performance of the ECO-Trade algorithm compared to the optimal model. We get 97% optimal solutions for synthetic (small) data sets and 99% optimal solutions for more realistic (large) datasets. Also, the difference in results is less than 5.2% in the first case and 1.8% in the second case. The solution time is almost always less than one minute, and much lower than the optimal model. Therefore, based on the results presented in this paper, we can conclude that the ECO-Trade algorithm is a better alternative to the previously proposed optimal model considering the accuracy and the solution time.
We analyze the solutions generated by the ECO-Trade algorithm for a wide range of problem sizes and identify that the sub-optimal cost potentially arises when the microgrid price reaches the boundary limits. Every sub-optimal scenario we found has microgrid energy prices that are higher in previous adjacent timeslots and the price is either 0 or close to the grid price. In a local minimum, the sub-optimal microgrid energy price forces the households either to buy more energy to compensate for storage energy loss or delays appliance operations.
However, having microgrid prices that take on their boundary values is not sufficient for a suboptimal solution to occur. In our work, only a small percentage of cases ended up being trapped in a local minimum. Going forward, we will explore how to deal with this issue. For example, we can verify whether a given solution has microgrid prices at the boundaries, and re-run modules 2 and 3 itera-