Regularities of Nanofocusing of the Electromagnetic Field of a Fractal Rough Surface

A consistent physical and mathematical model of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an inhomogeneous medium with strong discontinuities of the electromagnetic field at the interface of two media, which is a rough surface, was developed. Mathematical modeling of rough surfaces and their profiles was carried out using fractal geometry, which allows us to display the topology of the object as close as possible to reality. For real heterogeneous rough structures, we have developed a through-counting method that takes into account the continuity of the total current at the interfaces of adjacent media, the effect of induced surface charge and surface current. This approach lets one avoid the necessity to set surface impedances depending on the structure of the field being determined and on the material properties.


Introduction
Imperfectness of the shielding surface is the main factor determining the loss of the guide electrodynamic structure. It is manifested in the extremity of the specific conductivity of the material and the roughness of the shielding surface, determined by the quality of its processing. The problems of the interaction of the electromagnetic field with the interface were considered in a number of works [1]- [34]. A better model for rough surface geometry is fractal geometry. From general physical considerations, it follows that the surface roughness can be neglected if the size of irregularities is much smaller than the depth of the electromagnetic field penetration into the walls of the screen. This condition is usually satisfied at frequencies below hundreds of megahertz. However, if the frequency increases, in the microwave and optic wavebands, the roughness of shielding surfaces becomes the main factor determining the loss of the guide structure, for example, antenna devices [20] [29]. In paper [5], the problem of modeling of the slope of a random surface profile, presented as a sum of a finite number of sinusoids with random phases, is considered. The problem of fluctuations of the surface illumination using the proposed method of modeling slopes is investigated, and as a result, the effectiveness of its application is proved. However, for surfaces with a fractal structure, the method proposed in [5] is not applicable. The problems of accounting for fractal geometry arise during laser microstructuring and polishing of surfaces [15] in technological processes. Methods of laser microstructuring of surfaces are widespread in our time. These include the method of laser smoothing consisting in fast high-temperature exposure and cooling; laser microstructuring of the surface, based on local evaporation of the substance; laser roughness control by focusing laser radiation on the treated surface; laser surface microstructuring using surface electromagnetic waves. The latter method realized in several stages: a surface electromagnetic wave is excited at the interface between two media; after the interference of this wave with the incident wave on the surface, a new intensity distribution of light is formed; then spatial non-uniform surface heating takes place, as a result of which spatial periodic structures arise. Experiments show that this method is one of the most promising.
In our work, an attempt to investigate the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a real surface having a fractal geometry has been made. The existing classical approaches including the introduction of surface charge and surface current do not allow to investigate the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a rough fractal surface. Mathematical modeling of fractal rough surfaces using Weierstrass-Mandelbrot formulas, which are continuous but not differentiable, is carried out in this paper. A consistent physico-mathematical model of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a heterogeneous inhomogeneous system with strong discontinuities of the electromagnetic field at the interface of two media, which is a rough surface, has been developed.
During the numerical simulation of the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a rough fractal surface, the continuity conditions of the total current and the Dirichlet average theorem in the presence of a strong electromagnetic field discontinuity at the interfaces of inhomogeneous, angular structures are used for the first time. From our point of view, the concept of "surface charge" is an idealization. Since in this case, the electric field strength is infinite at the interfaces. In fact, the electric charge is volumetric, has a finite size, occurs when Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications there is a normal component of the electric current and can be summed up with an electrostatic charge. Note that in the presence of angular structures it is fundamentally difficult to correctly formulate the boundary conditions on the tip, where the normal vector has no definite orientation. As is known, the issues of nanofocusing of light on the tip are the central problem of modern near-field optical microscopy. The solution to this problem allows us to achieve a resolution above the Rayleigh diffraction limit of conventional optical instruments. Nano-focusing of light makes it possible to effectively control the flow of information in nano-optics devices [29].
The results of the work can be used to study the influence of the roughness of the shielding surfaces of waveguides for antenna devices and in laser polishing of surfaces.

Fractal Approach to Rough Surfaces
As previously noted, the surface structure of the waveguide at the micro and nano level plays an important role in determining the properties of the device. Solution of various practical problems related to hydrodynamics, electrodynamics, gas dynamics, etc. requires a very accurate and, most importantly, a realistic description of the structure of interface surfaces. Boundary conditions formulation becomes difficult otherwise. Simplified descriptions of the surfaces of bodies and of the boundary conditions that form a mathematical model greatly simplify the problem being solved, but, on the other hand, it strongly distorts the reality and in many cases is unfairly approximate.
Excluding the roughness of the surface of a device and taking an object as absolutely smooth leads to a huge number of results and conclusions that are groundless and, generally speaking, invented. It was experimentally shown that the microstructure and nanostructure of the surface greatly affect the results of numerical experiments.
Discrete roughness models [22] [31] were used previously, the parameters of which were chosen experimentally as a result of profile processing, based on microgeometry.
Further, as already mentioned, for modeling rough surfaces, fractal geometry has been used. Its specific feature consists in the constancy of fractal parameters on all scales, their independence of the sample length. The structure of the natural surface is equally fractal at all levels.
We present several formulas by which natural surfaces are modeled.
Weierstrass-Mandelbrot formulas are used for modeling the profile of rough surfaces using the fractal approach.
( ) where G is the length scale, f D is the fractal dimension, γ is the frequency and n γ is the frequency spectrum [27].

Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications
There is another formula for describing the surface profile where n ϕ is the random phase.
The Weierstrass-Mandelbrot formulas are characterized by continuity, autoaffinity, and nondifferentiability.
To describe the roughest surface, we use the function: where L is the sample length, m L is the limiting length, Dealing with rough surfaces that will subsequently represent the interface between two heterogeneous media, we will model their profiles by using Formulas (1) and (2), since the problem will be solved in 2D formulation (see

Development of the Mathematical Model of Electromagnetic Waves Nanofocusing
Further, we develop a system of differential equations representing a model of the propagation of electromagnetic signals in layered media. [19].
Electromagnetic radiation propagating in space can encounter various obstacles in its path. Interracting with these obstacles, there is a strong discontinuity of the electromagnetic field at the interfaces, which occurs due to the difference in dielectric constants of the media. On both sides of this surface, the magnetic and electric field strength vectors are continuous and finite [19].
The Maxwell equations, written below in differential form, describe the interaction of a field with a material medium, but cannot be called a complete system, because they do not reflect media properties in the presence of strong electromagnetic field discontinuities at the interface between adjacent media [6] [7] [19].
where tot 0 , t λ µµ The boundary conditions at the interfaces of two different media in a hetero- where indexes n and τ correspond to the normal and tangential components of the vectors to the surface S, the subscripts 1 and 2 correspond to adjacent me-N. N. Grinchik et al.
dia with different electrophysical properties, and τ is any direction tangential to the surface of discontinuity [19]. For induced surface charge and current, the closing relations are absent [6] [7] [19]. The well-known Shchukin-Leontovich condition suggests that the properties of the medium vary slightly at distances of the order of the wavelength, but for rough surfaces this assumption leads to large errors in the calculations [

Generalized Wave Equation for the Intensity Vector and the Conditions at the Interfaces in the Presence of Strong Electromagnetic Field Breaks
After some transformations of Formulas (4) and (5) we obtain At the interface, the following relationship also holds [6]: We write conditions (6)-(9) in the Cartesian coordinate system where y z i i τ = + i j k is the surface current density.
The order of the system of differential Equations (11)-(13) is 18. By differentiating expression (15) whith respect to time and taking into account relation (14), we obtain the condition for the normal components of the total current at the interface: 1 2 tot tot div .
x x j j τ + = i (21) This allows us to exclude from consideration the surface charge density and surface current. The question is described in more detail in [6] [7] [19]. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications The functions represented by Formulas (22) and (23) The quantities ( )

Building a Model
We need to solve a mixed problem for a hyperbolic equation: Formula (26) is an equation for the electric field strength. We consider the case in 2D formulation, i.e. when the function E is two-dimensional. Formulas (27) and (28) represent zero initial conditions. Formula (29) is a boundary condition; Γ is the boundary of the area where the solution is built. For simplicity of calculations and perception, we take a region of a square shape that has the The function ( ) t ϕ carries information about the signal distributed in the area. Let us assume that the signal does not depend on the point of space in which it is located.
We rewrite the original problem for each of the components of the vector E, given that the boundary Γ is square , , , , The problem is modeled for  [19].
We recall that the problem is solved when the source region contains two media with different electromagnetic properties. For example, the propagated wave runs against a body that, of course, has a bounding surface. On a rather small scale, this surface represents roughness of different kind. Our task is to study and find out how roughness affects the electric field strength, and how strength is distributed in strong discontinuities at the boundary.
Based on integration with respect to the results obtained, we construct a continuous function by interpolation. It will be used as boundary conditions. The solution to this problem itself is obtained by applying the theory of finite-differences schemes and numerical methods. All this has been programmed in Wolfram Mathematica, and the necessary constants were taken from reference books.

Graphic Visualization of the Results Obtained
In this section we simulate electromagnetic field by using Formulas (30)-(37).
For clarity, we construct several rough surfaces that represent fractal.

Conclusion
A consistent physical-mathematical model of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a heterogeneous system in the presence of strong electromagnetic field discontinuities at the interface between two media that represents a rough surface modeled using fractal geometry conception has been developed. Mathematical modeling of fractal rough surfaces using Weierstrass-Mandelbrot formulas was performed. The results obtained in the work in the form of constructed conditions for the continuity of the total current in the heterogeneous system make it possible to mathematically soundly approach to the use of end-to-end counting schemes in numerical simulations of the interaction of an electromagnetic field with piecewise homogeneous complex media. The presented results of numerical simulation show that the maximum intensity of the electromagnetic field is observed, due to nanofocusing, not on the edge of the roughness, but in its nearest vicinity. This approach can be applied to the problems of near-field optical microscopy and to the study of nanofocusing of light on the tip in nano-optics.