Impact of SMEs Green Supply Chain Practice Adoption on SMEs Firm and Environmental Performance

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of SMEs green supply chain practice adoption on SMEs firm and environmental performance. This study used data from owners/managers from different Industry Associations and clusters in the SMEs domain in South India and used a two-step approach for data analysis. In the first step, a measurement model was used to assess the validity and reliability of the measures, then in the second step structural model was used to test the proposed hypotheses. The results indicate that green purchasing impacts on SMEs firm performance and environmental performance, and eco design impacts on SMEs firm performance. To author’s knowledge, this paper is unique in the terms of finding impacts of green purchasing and Eco design on SMEs firm performance and environmental performance.


Introduction
Environmental issues and the inclusion of green practices within the supply chain is a topic that has gained importance in academic literature. This interest is mirrored by the growing interest shown by Governments and Enterprises around the world about environment and climate change and the adverse impact arising out of mismanagement resulting in adverse impact [1].
Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are responsible for a significant 1902 Theoretical Economics Letters portion of environmental pollution globally [2] but the manner in which they manage environmental issues and subsequent impact such decisions have on environment aren't well understood [3] [4] [5]). Negative environmental impact is particularly seen in manufacturing supply chains because inbound, outbound and reverse supply combine with several internal enterprise operations that emit substantial environmental pollution [6] [7] [8]). These pollution issues have local, national and international repercussions, notably in developing nations where regulations are fewer and social control less effective [9]; Ling and [10] [11]). These problems are compounded by increased global competition for markets where customer needs are met by products and services that are not only innovative but also environmentally sound [12] [13] [14]). These imperatives have led to a focus on creating "green supply chains" in which enterprises adopt practices that minimize environmental harm [15] [16] [17]) As indicated by Sarkis (2003) [18], the reconciliation of ecological issues and Supply Chain Management (SCM) has turned into a flourishing subfield in the course of recent decades. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is a significant and vital goal for the enterprises that try to understand the various advantages from such works, including cost savings, more grounded brand acknowledgment and competitor' differentiation [19] [20] [21] [22] [23].
A central a part of GSCM is that the selection of "green" suppliers and suppliers' disposition to contribute towards GSCM [24] has so far received restricted comprehensive theoretical and empirical attention in a single study, despite many frameworks emphasizing the role of GSCM in achieving sustainable supply chain (SC) management practices [25].
GSCM has additionally begun to realize popularity in emerging economies like China and other Asian countries. For example, Eltayeb et al. [26] studied the outcomes of green supply chain initiatives among ISO 14001 certified enterprises in Asian nations, while Zailani et al. [27], conducted a study on GSCM research in Malaysia to assess the impact of internal and external forces on environmental performance. However, studies within the context of other emerging economy countries are still comparatively rare.
Although most enterprises acknowledge the importance of "greening" their supply chains, there are completely different approaches to the current issue [28] [29]. Two main approaches are studied within the literature: monitoring and collaboration [30]. While monitoring is based on practices like receiving supplier questionnaires and auditing, collaboration depends on additional proactive approaches like provider training and joint development of environmentally friendly processes or product [26] [31].
In a number of the earlier studies on the subject, Lamming and Hampson [32] noted that GSCM isn't solely regarding managing risks-together with client boycotts and negative media attention-however additionally concerning realizing opportunities that may add value to enterprise, together with cost efficiencies and brand differentiation and more recent work has supported such obser-  [35] found that GSCM ends up in bigger levels of competitiveness and economic performance. As such, GSCM performance is an indicator of the degree to which sustainable practices are embedded among enterprise and across the Supply Chain.
As per the Green et al. [36], the implementation of GSCM practices is expected to result in improved environmental performance as measured by reductions in air emissions, effluent waste, solid waste, and also the consumption of toxic materials. There's a concern, however, whether or not such environmental sustainability efforts can ultimately translate into improved market share and profitability. Ultimately, manufacturing managers are accountable for the performance of the enterprises that they work [37]. So, the purpose of this study is to find the impact of adoption of green supply chain to firm and environmental performance. This paper is unique in the term of finding impact of green supply chain on SMEs firm performance, earlier research has found the impact of green supply chain adoption on overall economic performance.
The article is organized as follow-introduction to green supply chain adop-

Green Supply Chain Practice Adoption
GSCM is the integration of environmental thinking into supply chain, which incorporates manufacturing process, material sourcing and selection, product design and delivery of the ultimate product to the customers, in addition, a end-of-life management of the product after it helpful life [38].
GSCM is contemplated as "closing the loop" because it ranges from green purchasing to integrated SC ranging from provider, to manufacturer, to client and reverse logistics [39].
Several definitions exist within the GSCM literature [40]. Gilbert [41] explained that GSCM is integration of environmental thinking into SCM. Srivastava [36] went on to define GSCM as adding the "green" element to SC. Zhu and Sarkis [42] clarified that GSCM covers all phases of a product's life cycle from design, production and distribution phases to the utilization of merchandise by the top users and its disposal at the end of product's life cycle. GSCM is an approach for rising performance of the processes and merchandise in keeping with the requirements of the environmental laws [43].
Within the context of GSCM, actors within the supply chain operate in a way that fulfills customer and legal necessities. Given these compulsions, pressure from government agencies and national/international regulators can influence the adoption of environmentally responsible behavior [25] [44] [45]. Narasimhan and Carter [46] found that enterprises had institutionalized environmental practices because of pressure from external and internal forces additionally as an  [47]. There exist studies that were administrated in developed countries that show the manner in which enterprises were been driven by institutional norms to boost competitive advantage by adopting environmental practices. These organizations deployed GSCM based activities that embrace training, environmental information sharing and joint research.
According to Heras-Saizarbitoria et al. [48] and Vachon [49], external motivators and particularly, customer pressure are key drivers of the adoption of ISO 14001. Different aspects of green purchasing that are mentioned within the literature embrace the facilitation of recycling, reuse and resource reduction [50].

Green Purchasing
The adoption of green purchasing is one among the usually accepted dimensions of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices that is in line with Lee [56] a buying enterprise with a green supply chain initiative will pay attention to green practices of their suppliers, particularly the small and medium-sized enterprises so that suppliers meet their environmental objectives.

Eco Design Practice
The importance of eco-design was identified by Buyukozkan and Cifci [57] where they revealed that nearly eighty percent (80%) of product connected impacts on the environment can be influenced during design. Eco-design practices fall into two main classes-product-related design and packaging-related design.
With reference to product design, Min and Galle [19] advised that cost-saving opportunities at the start of the supply chain tend to be larger which buying enterprises must actively look for opportunities to utilize recycled and reused parts.

SMEs and Green Supply Chain Adoption
Industrialization in developing nations is getting a high priority given the requirement for structural transformation from small-scale agriculture to manufacturing as a way to achieve comprehensive and pro-poor growth [55]. However, industrial enterprises, at least, to begin with, need to use large amounts of energy resources that themselves cause pollution and environmental degradation [58]. In order to address the problems mentioned above, three objectives were  [66]. They're typically ineffective in coping with environmental management issues. Thus, these SME suppliers will hinder the progress of customer enterprises' GSCM practices [67].

Hypothesis Development
There exist very few studies examining the relationships between GSCPs and performance that embrace more than one green practice and mix each environmental and economic performance outcomes, together with economic costs and advantages. Some studies found positive relationships between practice and performance [33] [36] [53], while some found negative relationships [24] while some found no relationship at all [1]. In our view, these inconsistencies arise from many reasons which are different from method considerations and it can be safely assumed that the distinction is primarily in contexts in which the research is conducted like national laws, business type and market conditions.
Klassen [68] and Preuss [69] argue for integrating environmental issues into the thought of SCM. Handfield et al. [70] recommend that environmental sustainability efforts be integrated throughout the value chain. Linton et al. [71] assert that the main focus of environmental management has moved from the enterprise level to the supply chain level. Theoretical Economics Letters Whether going "green" really pays has been investigated at intervals with conclusive results [33] [37] [72]. Seuring [73] queries whether or not the adoption of environmental sustainability ends up in a win-win scenario or environmental and economic tradeoffs for the supply chain partners.
As the enterprises creating up a supply chain become tuned in to customer demands for products and services provided without damaging the environment, managers can take crucial decisions that support the integration and coordination of GSCM practices throughout the supply chain [74] [75]. Supply chains and enterprises will gain competitive advantage by being the first to adopt environmental sustainability and implement GSCM practices [70] [76] [77].
Environmental and economic performance is balanced by the enterprises facing regulative, competitive and community pressures [78]. Environmental sustainability is a vital concern for going green and most enterprises are adopting this as a deliberate strategy [79]. Such adoption practices end up in greater advantages that additionally affect customers and suppliers. Environmental legislation is one of the prime issues for manufacturers in a global economy [80].
Businesses are driven to embrace GSCM techniques that ultimately "confer both a positive net present value (NPV) and environmental benefits" [81]. That is, they're going to attempt to attenuate value further as maximize profit via sustainable measures.
GSCM practices were at first guided by one objective, i.e. environmental performance. However, in recent years enterprises have accomplished that this single objective cannot offer sustainability. Thus, responding to calls from academics which were long pending, enterprises have progressively begun to adopt more comprehensive performance frameworks, like the triple bottom line (TBL) [82] [83] [84] [85] [86]. Adopting a similar approach, Carter and Rogers [87] outlined Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) as a common region defined by three intersecting circles representing financial, social and environmental performance.
Analysis in earlier literature is characterized by conflicting findings on the influence of every Green Supply Chain Performance (GSCP) on environmental performance, variations that may be supported the context or nature of the particular practice [88]. In China, Zhu et al. [89] indicated that solely internal environmental management practices absolutely and considerably influence environmental performance, green purchasing features a negative impact on the environmental performance while remaining practices have no influence. On the contrary, in Thailand, Laosirihongthong et al. [1] found that green purchasing absolutely influenced environmental performance, and it is the sole practice of significance. In the USA, Green et al. [76] found that green purchasing has no important influence; but, eco-design, investment recovery and customer cooperation considerably and absolutely influence environmental performance.
Given the discussion above, it is evident that the very nature of GSCPs leads to different influences on environmental performance. This influence has unique Thus we propose ( Figure 1): H1-Green purchasing directly impacts SMEs firm performance. H2-Green Purchasing directly impacts Environment performance. H3-Eco design directly impacts SMEs firm performance. H4-Eco design directly impacts Environment performance.

Research Methodology
Data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire from owners/managers from different Industry Associations and clusters in the SMEs domain in South India.
The total sample size was 382, of which 374 were usable, resulting in a response rate of around 97%, which is regarded as satisfactory for a survey of this type (  In the following recommendation of Anderson and Gerbing [92], a two-step approach for data analysis was taken up. In the first step, a measurement model was used to assess the validity and reliability of the measures. In the second step, structural model was used to test the proposed hypotheses.

Measurement Model: Reliability and Validity
The measurement model indicated an acceptable model-fit of the data (χ 2 = 204.739,  Eco labeling of products.
Cooperation with suppliers for environmental objectives.
Environmental audit of suppliers' internal management.
Second-tier supplier environmentally friendly practice evaluation.
Eco-design (Zhu et al., 2008a) Design of products for reduced consumption of material/energy.
Design of products for reuse, recycle, recovery of material and/or component parts.
Design of products to avoid or reduce use of hazardous products and/or their manufacturing process. My firm is usually satisfied with sale growth.
My firm is usually satisfied with market share growth.
My firm is usually satisfied with return on sales.
My firm is usually satisfied with net profit margins.
My firm is usually satisfied with gross profit margins.
Environmental performance (Zhu et al., 2008a) Reduction of air emissions.
Reduction of effluent waste.
Reduction of solid wastes.
Decrease in consumption for hazardous/harmful/toxic materials.
Decrease in frequency for environmental accidents.  [92]. In addition, all the indicators loaded significantly on the latent constructs. The values of the fit indices indicate a reasonable fit for the measurement model with data [93].
For the assessment of scale reliability, we have estimated the Cronbach alpha (α) value. Hair et al. [94] have emphasized that the reliability coefficient above 0.70 demonstrates adequate reliability. As shown in Table 3 below, all constructs have adequate reliability coefficients of greater than 0.70. Thus, these four constructs hold good reliability coefficients (see Table 3). While Cronbach alpha is an estimate of construct reliability, Fornell and Larcker [95] have emphasized the reliability of each measurement item (indicator). Squared multiple correlations (SMC) is a measure to estimate indicator reliability. As mentioned in Table 3,  all SMC values are also greater than the suggested cut-off of 0.30 [96].

Convergent Validity
Convergent validity is defined as the degree to which items of measurement instrument correlate with items in the measurement instrument that are intended to measure the same construct. Hair et al. [94] suggested three criteria to ensure convergent validity: standardized factor loading of each individual indicator should be greater than 0.50, the average variance explained value for each construct should be greater than 0.50, and composite reliability (CR) value for each construct should be greater than 0.70. As shown in Table 3 above, identified factor structure (i.e. the measurement model) satisfies all three requirements.
Therefore, this measurement model shows adequate convergent validity

Discriminant Validity
Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing the Average Variance Explained (AVE) with the corresponding inter-construct squared correlation estimates [95]. As shown in Table 3 above, the AVE values of all the factors are Theoretical Economics Letters greater than the inter-construct correlations, which support the discriminant validity of the constructs. Thus, the measurement model has adequate reliability and construct validity.

Structural Model: Estimation of Research Hypotheses
Given the acceptable convergent validity and discriminant validity, the estima-

Results and Discussion
The results of the study (  [97], which says that GSCM practices provide the potential for cost savings, improved efficiency, attracting new suppliers and customers and improves brand reputation. This study also supports the relationship between green purchasing and environmental performance (H2: β = 0.071, p < 0.01) which validates results of previous studies which says that the processes that reduce waste and cut costs not only improve financial performance but can also improve environmental performance [98] [99]. Another result of this study indicates that that eco design impacts positively firm performance (H3: β = 0.389, p < 0.001, this finding is validated in the research by Koh et al. [100], which indicates that eco-product design implies effective use of materials and waste reduction. Reduction of waste can lead to lowered costs for the organization and better use of materials can positively impact performance while eco-designed products can lead to improved brand image also. Eco design doses not impact significantly to environmental performance (H4: β = −0.15, p = 0.368).

Discussion and Managerial Application
Increased business activity the world over poses a threat to the environment in terms of environmental emissions, discarded packaging materials, scrapped material and other forms of industrial pollution [101]. In order to tackle environmental degradation many organizations began looking for ways and means to The results of the empirical study indicate support for the hypothesized relationships. Green purchasing practices had a positive impact on SME firm as well as environmental performance. Eco-design has a positive impact on SME firm performance but not environmental performance. Reasons for lack of support need further enquiry. We assume some reasons behind the lack of support. In reality, GSCM and performance are inextricably related SCM concepts. At the macro level we observe strong relationships between green practices and performance but when the analysis gets granular to more specific aspects of supply chain practices such as eco design involving collaboration with suppliers in designing green products and adopting environmental practices into processes we observe that these areas have not been thoroughly researched upon. Further understanding of ground-level realities, spreading the coverage of research to other industries/sectors might provide a way to understand the weakness in this linkage.

Limitations and Future Scope of Study
The above study was conducted in a very specific context with nearly 45% of Theoretical Economics Letters responses taken from SMEs in the manufacturing sector. For future studies, we propose the study can be expanded to include more variables such as Leadership, Organizational culture, financial strength, business diversity, location specific economies, etc. to name a few and understand their influence of GSCM on firm and environmental performance. More SME sectors can be included in studies with a focus on organizations that are directly contributing to carbon emissions and global warming.
GSCM practices are here to stay and industry, particularly MSMEs in developing countries such as India must understand the importance of such Green practices. Supply chains can look at innovative practices with taking the help of technology and collaborate with other parties in the supply chain to deliver quality products and services. Impediments will, however, continue to exist. The future of business to a large extent depends on the future of our environment and as such businesses need to understand this vital area of and pursue environmentally sustainable practices to stay competitive and relevant. The government should perform its role as a catalyst and ensure that MSMEs get the required impetus in this endeavor.