A Statistical Comparison of the Implementation of Concurrent Engineering in Jordanian Industry

In this paper, a statistical comparative investigation of the implementation of Concurrent Engineering (CE) in Jordanian Industry is introduced, practices of CE are reviewed, then mapped into six statistical latent. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) is developed for the implementation of CE, then the model is applied to the following Jordanian industrial sectors: chemical and cosmetics industries, engineering and electrical industries and information technology, wood and furniture industries, and construction industry. The implementation level for the six CE practices among the selected sectors is investigated; a statistical comparative analysis between the considered industrial sectors is conducted. Thereafter, a system dynamics model is developed to understand the true CE trade-offs, which is used as a validity measure to insure that the proposed statistical model and hypotheses are valid.


Introduction
Authors continuously applying different methodologies searching for solutions improve the performance of operations and systems from multiple aspects. AL-Tahat M. D. considered the Japanese Kanban methodology to formulate a production line as a queuing network model [1]. A study was conducted by Al-Momani K. R. et al. [2] in order to assess the needs of performance im- . Al-Refaie A. et al. [3] examined the factors that affect firm performance using structural equation modeling; they developed a structural model that includes several latent, including knowledge management, organization learning, customer relationship management, employee performance, innovation and business performance.
AL-Tahat M. D. et al. [4] presented an Activity-Based Cost Estimation Model for better estimation of the cost of producing steel castings in a foundry system. A model to estimate the weights of mutually dependent criteria, based on cause-effect assessments of a group of professionals, is developed by Dalalah D. et al. [5] for problem of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM). For pharmaceutical industry, Al-Tahat M. D. et al. [6] used an Ordinal Logistic Regression Modeling (OLRM) to predict and to investigate the relationship(s) between the different types of failures encountered in tablet production and the relevant tablet-and punch attributes. Mohammad D., Al-Tahat et al. [7] presented a model of a multi-phase multi-product manufacturing system considering a constant work-in-process (CONWIP) control mechanism using continuous-time Markov chain modelling approach; the analyses explain a foundation needed for analyzing the steady state behavior of manufacturing systems. For microsystem technologies, Aljanaideh O. et al. [8] suggested a new hysteresis model that can describe rate and bias effects of the harmonic magnetic fields on hysteresis nonlinearities of a magnetostrictive actuator. The model characterized the asymmetric hysteresis effects under different levels of input magnetic bias. Unlike the aforementioned methodologies, authors in this paper presented another methodology for performance improvements, Concurrent Engineering (CE) is introduced, and then a Structural Equation Model (SEM) is developed for the implementation of CE in some Jordanian industrial sectors. Concurrent engineering (CE) appeared in the 80's as a thought parallel to continual improvement methodologies of engineering design activities. This concept is based on common assumption that different parts of product life cycle considered together and early in the development process, by using different methods and tools to support engineering and development activities [9]. First, let us begin by defining what a CE is. Herder, P.M. et al. [10] defined CE as a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacture and support. The developers, from the outset, consider all elements of the product life cycle from conception through disposal. Yassine and Braha [11] defined CE as an engineering management philosophy and a set of operating principles that guide a product development process through an accelerated successful completion. To have shorter development time, improved product quality, and lower development and production costs, the incorporation of downstream concerns into the upstream phases of a development process must be considered. Alemu Moges [12] defined it as, a conceptual framework that acts as an umbrella to all design improvement tools and techniques. Companies tend to reveal the following CE principles, which can contribute to time reduction, cost reduction, improve product quality and fulfil customer's need: 1) integration, 2)

Statistical Latent of the Proposed Model
Concurrent Engineering is supposed to involve six-construct latent listed in Table 1. These are Client Participation, Business Administration, Organizational Data Structure, Suppliers Participation, Value Stream Distribution, and Multi-Skill Training. The following sub-section describes briefly each of these latent.

Client Participation (CP)
Firms depend on acquiring markets; with products, that customer needs [13]. Firms have found a number of techniques to capture customer requirements, sharp market understanding, and feedback from buyers, warranty and adding clients to the product development team, and ensure a sustainable process innovation are essential to gain more customs attentions [14].

Business Administration (BA)
Business Administration (BA) is a common management style for modern small businesses. Administration allows managers to break down the entire operations

Organizational Data Structure (ODS)
When the Organizational Data Structure (ODS) is not balanced, the process of collaboration can break down, and the development teams can lose their effectiveness. According to Willaert et al. [15], an unwell integrated ODS environment means that communication problems between departments will cause lengthy delays in development time and increased costs. A team cannot exist without communication, to make the team concept work; therefore, technical information had to be more accessible to all parties involved in the organization [13].

Multi-Skill Training (MST)
A good team has the foresight to identify, address, and resolve issues through the entire product life cycle. Multi-Skill Training (MST) performance is important for the success of any CE initiative. Teams with team leaders whose functional jobs and team responsibilities have a high degree of overlap tend to be the most successful [16]. A key step in the successful use of teams is training. Training can help speed team effectiveness [17].

Business Administration (BA)
A successful supplier relationship management model implies; few suppliers, suppliers' involvements, an environment of mutual trust, and treated suppliers as an extension of the organization [18].

Value Stream Distribution (VSD)
Value stream distribution (VSD) provides optimum value to customers through a complete value creation process with minimum waste. Supporting technologies for VSD include; work process modeling, performance analyzing, re-engineering, redesign of processes, and tasks monitoring. For the successful application of workflow, it is essential that there be a good fit between work practice and the models/mechanisms used by the VSD system.

Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Statistical Hypotheses
The statistical relationship between the components of the proposed SEM model is shown in Figure 1. Six main elements are included. The model investigates the importance of the statistical relationships between the six CE practices and the impacts of their implementations on the industry. For data collection, a questionnaire was developed, the questionnaire was tested and reviewed by; managers of several manufacturing firms, academic professors, and extensive literature  [19]. The questionnaire consists of five-point Likert-scale, anchored at 1) "poor", 2) "fair", 3) "good", 4) "very good", and 5) "excellent". A sample with a proper size is selected; the sample covers the following industries: therapeutic industries and medical supplies, plastic and rubber industries, chemical and cosmetics industries, engineering and electrical industries and information technology, wood and furniture industries, construction industry, packaging and paper industries, food and agricultural industries.

Data Collection and Analysis
Jordanian companies were screened according to whether they have a potential of implementing CE tools or not, the developed questionnaire was distributed to the industrial sectors concerned to apply CE more than others, these sectors are: 1) construction industry, 2) engineering and electrical industries and information technology, 3) chemical and cosmetics industries, and 4) wood and furniture industries. The sample size of those sectors is 492. Feedback of 310 respondents is collected; statistical analysis has been carried out using IBM SPSS version 22. For the developed Structural Equation Model (SEM), ANOVA, Validity, Multicollinearity, internal consistency, and relationships between CE elements and tools are tested, thereafter; the causal relationships of CE elements and their impact on the performance of industrial enterprises are investigated.

Validity and Reliability
The Cronbach's alpha coefficient [20] is used to evaluate the internal reliability of the developed SEM. It measures the internal consistency of the items of the questionnaire [21], the higher this coefficient, the better the measuring instrument. As shown in Table 2, Cronbach's alpha value of the whole CE practices is equal to 0.718.  It is observed that the implementation level for the six CE practices among the selected sectors is ranged between 60.37% and 60.70%. Best and worst implementer among the ten sectors is illuminated in Table 3.
For CP practice, Construction sector has achieved the best implementation index because construction sector considers the premise that the customers know what they want and what they need, during the definition phase, there is a customer's self-understanding about the project's objectives, and confront the customer's desires by exploring alternatives that were not previously considered [22]. However, engineering industries exhibits the worst implementation index because practices such as sharp market understanding, and feedback from buyers are rarely used in this sector, also gathering relevant customer knowledge in the front end of new product development to enable solid strategies therefore remains a challenge.
On the other hand, for BA practice, wood sector has accomplished low index because of the lack of slack resources, a goal of lean centralized organizational designs, and an inward communication climate. In contrary, chemical sector is classified as the best implementer for BA because in the case of construction the lack of fit between the type of infrastructure available and the needs of society [23].
For ODS wood sector has earned the best implementation index, while construction sector is the worst. For SP wood sector has earned the best implementation index, while engineering sector is the worst. VSD engineering sector has earned the best implementation index, while chemical sector is the worst.
Finally, engineering sector is the best implementer for MST, because training started at the beginning of implementation stage and there is a flexible training option. However, construction sector has achieved the worst implementation level.

Comparative Investigation of Model Relations
The estimates of the relations between models constructs for chemical and cos-

System Dynamics and Validation
System dynamics (SD) models are diagrams that consisting of symbols and equations. The objective of SD modeling is to validate if the system is stable or not, and to evaluate if the system output increases, decreases or constant over time.
One proven policy to compete and win in the dynamic automotive market is the one due to Toyota, which is widely discussed by Morgan and Liker [24]. This section provided a system dynamic model of the proposed conceptual model of CE practices and research hypotheses of this research as shown in Figure 6.

Conclusion
The paper provided a statistical comparative investigation of the implementation of CE in Jordanian Industry that simplifies the implementation of CE in industry. A successful statistical comparative investigation of the implementation of CE in Jordanian Industry is provided; a system dynamic model validates results.
This paper will contribute significantly to the literature in the field; the presented methodology is expected to enhance investigation related to the implementation of CE. That is expected to bridge the gap between academia and the applications of lean practice and CE. Moreover, the approach presented in this paper can facilitate to understand the implementation of CE practices in industries and assist in managing the challenges opposed to that.