Research on the Planning and Management of National Parks: Based on the Public Engagement Mechanism

National Parks not only undertake the basic functions of protecting natural ecological environment, but also play a variety of functions such as the culti-vation, scientific research, environmental education, natural recreation, etc. China’s National Park career entered a new chapter after the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. It is urgent to make specific and operable research as a reference in practice. This paper takes the national parks of the US as the research object to analyze the specific methods and planning process based on the public engagement mechanism, thus improve the planning and management of national parks in China.


Introduction
The concept of "national park" originated in the United States. From the perspectives of conservation and utilization of nature and culture, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classified national parks as the second of six types of protected areas, which are defined as protected areas whose main purpose is to protect ecosystems and provide recreational services [1]. The ultimate purpose of setting up national parks is to protect and preserve natural resources and to meet the needs of people [2]. The innovation of this paper is to refine the process of public participation by empirical research, so as to bring enlightenment to the construction of national parks for other countries.
Public participation originated in the West in the 1960s, it is a social movement aimed at the process of government decision-making and planning [3]. It is a continuous and dynamic communication between the national park management department and the public on many levels in order to strengthen the public's commitment to the protection of cultural and natural heritage resources, as well as to enhance the public's understanding of the full significance of these resources. Virtual public participation is not only a policy process, but also a continuous and dynamic dialogue between NPS and the public in many dimensions. Through the process of public planning, interpretation and education programs, as well as direct maintenance of important resources, partners and communities can work together to protect those great historic heritages.
Thus, public participation has gradually become an important way to delimit stakeholder boundaries and realize adaptive management of protected areas [4].

The Key Points of Public Participation in the Planning and Management of National Parks
In order to effectively implement the policy of public participation in the planning and management of national parks, there are two important ways: one is effective public activities, the other is technical means. In reality operation, it is embodied in two important aspects: establishing the relationship with specific Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research population and constructing information infrastructure.

Establishing Relationships with Specific Populations
Good public relations are based on trust, and it takes time and effort to develop and maintain relationships. In addition to the established public participation system and procedures, it is necessary to consider specific groups of people, because different groups need different strategies and tools for their participation (Table 1).  Table 1. The establishment of specialized population relations in public participation [5].

Specific population Role Strategies
Educators Important links 1) In addition to field visits, teachers can visit virtual parks through the Internet and invite park staff to demonstrate or discuss in class.
2) Employing educators to help formulate curriculum plans required by schools; Teenagers Beneficiaries 1) Carry out extracurricular investigation, internship and summer work.
2) Create youth advisory committees or councils to provide young people with more voice and project ownership.

Visitors
Examiner 1) Diversified recruitment. Review and redesign the interpretation and education programs to reach different audiences better; 2) Use urban parks as portals to encourage children and families to discover national parks, to hold annual meetings in parks, and promote off-season visits.

Neighbouring communities
Inseparable and share the same future 1) Enhance attraction and make people willing to live near National parks; 2) Local governments should actively participate in community activities and meetings, and seek opportunities for cooperation.
3) Enhance communication with schools.

Major cooperative groups and stakeholders
Builders Some partners or stakeholders are strategically important, or their tasks are more closely related to the park's mission. Formal agreements, such as cooperation agreements, can be signed.

Volunteers Park Ambassadors
Volunteers can interact with the public on behalf of the park and in some cases provide interpretation services. In this "quasi-employee" role, they need to understand the public participation efforts and principles of the park and receive training.

Friendly group and Cooperative Association
Friendship Groups are non-profit organizations. The Cooperative Association will benefit from its operation.
1) Friendship groups provide volunteer services to assist in resource management, conservation and fund-raising.
2) Cooperative associations provide programs and financial support for core programs in education and research fields, and generate revenue through sales of related products;

Realization of Public Participation in the Planning Process of National Parks in the US
The  Response to substantive comments, and issue final GMP and EIS report. After 30-days' waiting period, NPS Western Pacific Regional Director will sign decision record of the final planning.

Public Participation in Park Operation
National parks in the United States are rich in activities to promote public experience, and have a variety of ways to form a relatively mature mechanism.
NPS maintains 879 tourist centers and contact points, receiving 37 million visitors in 2015. More than 500,000 visitors participated in special events and ranger programs, and more than 660,000 children participated in the "Junior ranger" program.

Community Participation Is the Driving Force of Sustainable Development of National Parks and Communities
According to the national park service organization law and other NPS legislation and policies, managers share the same ideas within the scope of NPS park management and land ownership, which is also the fundamental basis for community participation. Apart from the value orientation and public participation policy advocacy of public parks, another important reason is that land ownership plays a direct role in promoting community participation. In many cases,

Conclusions
The planning and management of national parks are to show the value of national parks and realize the mission of national parks through a series of means.
American experience tells us that in the process we should form a system, effectively listen to public opinions, and gradually eliminate the arbitrariness, extensiveness and blindness in the management of national parks. The future of Chi-Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research na's national parks lies in the establishment of diversified ways of public participation, the promotion of awareness of park management, and the use of public participation tools. They should make more effective use of investments, technical assistance and partner support.
National parks offer everyone the chance to experience the unique grandeur, beauty, and wonder of natural features and to connect with shared human experience in cultural landscapes. Government departments and relevant institutions must constantly base themselves on public services and strengthen public trust, not only to meet the legal requirements of public participation in decision-making process, but to require regular, natural and sustained interaction between National Park planners and the public, which in turn will enhance the significance of national park planning and the ability to achieve its mission. The future is bright as more and more people love parks and collaborate with NPS staff to make their ideas part of the visitors' experience.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.