Climate Suitability and Vulnerability of Winter Wheat Planting in Gansu under the Background of Global Warming

Winter wheat is the main food crop in China. Gansu Province is a traditional winter wheat growing area, and its planting range is limited by the thermal conditions of winter. The average temperature in Gansu Province increased by 0.28 ̊C per decade, higher than the China’s and global average, and the warming in winter was more obvious. Therefore, it is necessary to study the climate suitability and vulnerability of winter wheat planting in Gansu. In this paper, the maximum entropy model Maxent and Arcgis software are used to select six major climatic factors including annual total radiation, annual precipitation, the warmest monthly average temperature, the coldest monthly average temperature, annual average temperature, and annual extreme minimum temperature, which construct winter wheat planting distribution-climate relationship model that studies the climate suitability and vulnerability of winter wheat during the period 1961-2015. Studies have shown that the average cold weather and annual extreme minimum temperature are the most important climatic factors affecting winter wheat in Gansu, which can reflect the low temperature conditions that winter wheat can tolerate. However, the main winter wheat planting areas in Gansu Province are distributed in arid and semi-arid rain-fed agriculture areas. Precipitation and total annual radiation are also very important constraints. At the same time, climate change has little effect on winter wheat in Gansu Province, and the area of suitable area fluctuates slightly. It shows moderate adaptation in each evaluation period.


Introduction
Crop cultivation, as a production activity that relies heavily on climatic conditions, shows more pronounced vulnerability in the context of global warming (Burton et al., 2002;Ragab & Prudhomme, 2002;Alam et al., 2013).The changes in meteorological factors seriously affect the changes in the pattern of agricultural production resources.The changes in environmental conditions of radiation, temperature and water caused by climate change directly affect the growth of crops and the changes in phenological period, which in turn cause fluctuations in crop yields (Fernanda & Maria, 2009;Ning, 2016).Gansu Province is located at the intersection of the three plateaus of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Loess Plateau and the Mongolian Plateau.It is also the province of China with three climatic zones including the westerly climate zone, the eastern monsoon zone and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climatic region.It is affected by the East Asian monsoon and the South Asian monsoon.The transition zone to the westerly climate impact system (Deng et al., 2008) is a typical climate change sensitive area and ecologically vulnerable area (Zhang et al., 2016;Han et al., 2016).The average temperature in Gansu Province increased by 0.28˚C per decade, higher than the China's and global average, and the warming rate in winter was even higher (Shang et al., 2018;Deng et al., 2008), indicating that winter warming is more obvious.Winter wheat is the main traditional food crop in China, and the winter wheat planting range is mainly limited by the wintering heat conditions.Therefore, the winter wheat planting range is more affected by the climate.
Vegetation is a fragile surface cover type that is the result of long-term interactions between climate factors, geomorphology, soil and human activities.The area, type, structure and composition of vegetation and its spatial and event succession are determined by the climate of the geological era and the modern climate.At regional and global scales, climate is considered to be the most important factor controlling the geographical distribution of vegetation (Zhou & Wang, 2003).Modeling and prediction of crop species distribution are very applicable in the study of ecology and crop species distribution, and important tools for studying the spatial distribution of species under environmental and climate change.There is a close relationship between species distribution and climatic and geographical environmental factors.At present, there are prediction models for potential distribution areas of various species, and they are widely used, and representative models are generalized linear models (GLM), generalized additive models (GAM), and classified regression trees (Lei & Xu, 2010).The niche models using a wider range of predicted species distributions include Bioclim, Climex, Domain, Garp and MaxEnt (Elith et al., 2006;Wang et al., 2007) applied ROC curve analysis to predict the results of these five models.For the comparative analysis, the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) has the largest AUC value, indicating that the prediction effect is the best.Sun & Liu (2010) believe that using MaxEnt model to predict the distribution area of species, the results are better than other prediction models of the same kind, especially in the case of incomplete data distribution of species, the results can still be obtained with MaxEnt model prediction.Ma et al. (2013) used the MaxEnt model and ArcGis software to predict the potential distribution of Brassica and Woody plants in China at the "genus" level.As early as 1957, Jaynes proposed the theory of Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) for probability density assessment (Philips et al., 2004, Philips et al., 2006).Since then, MaxEnt has gradually applied in computer science and statistics, especially in Natural language processing is widely used.This theory can be expressed in bioecology as a species that, when unconstrained, will spread as much as possible, close to a uniform distribution, and can be used to predict the potential geographic distribution of a species (Phillips et al., 2006).MaxEnt model can still get satisfactory results when the species distribution data is incomplete.
Gansu winter wheat is mainly distributed in the Longdong Loess Plateau in Hedong, Gansu, the upper reaches of the Weihe River in the Loess Plateau in the west of Gansu, and the southern part of Gansu Province.It is one of the main food crops in Gansu Province.The planting area accounts for more than 20% of the total grain area of Gansu, and its planting range is affected by wintering.The limitation of thermal conditions makes it more necessary to study the climate suitability and vulnerability of winter wheat planting in Gansu in the context of climate warming.

Model Applicability Evaluation
Applying the MaxEnt model to study the climate suitability of winter wheat planting distribution in Gansu, we must first test the applicability of the MaxEnt model.Here, the model input data includes two categories: one is the geographical distribution data of the target, using the geographical distribution data of 40 winter wheat agrometeorological observation stations (showing in Figure 1) in the winter wheat growing area of Gansu; the second is the environmental variable, according to the period from 1961 to 1990.Grid daily climate data (10 km resolution), calculated by Arcgis software to 6 climatic factors, including annual total radiation, annual precipitation, warmest monthly average temperature, coldest monthly average temperature, annual average temperature, annual extreme minimum temperature the 30-year average during the base period

Analysis of Influence Factors of Winter Wheat Planting Distribution
Among the percent contribution rate and the importance of displacement, the  rankings of the effects of climatic factors on the geographical distribution of winter wheat planting are (Table 1 and Figure (Zhou et al. 2015).Figure 4 shows the climatic suitability classification of winter wheat planting distribution in Gansu by the ArcGIS software during baseline period .Different colors represent the climatic suitability of different wheat plantings.
The climate suitable for distribution of winter wheat in Gansu Province accounts for 23% of Gansu's total area, the moderately moderate climate area accounts for 15%, the mild climate suitable area accounts for 5%, and the climate unsuitable area accounts for 57%.Affected by climatic conditions, winter wheat     Note: Sik + Sim is the appropriate area of the base period, Sikpik + Simpim is the sum of the product area of the reference period and the existence probability, Sjk is the vulnerable area of the assessment period, pjk is the average existence probability of the vulnerable area, and Sjm is the locality of the assessment period.The adaptive area, pjm is the existence probability of the local adaptive region average, (Sjl) is the area for expanding the adaptation period during the evaluation period, and pjl is the existence probability of expanding the average of the adaptation region.Note: SR is the ratio of the area of the local adaptive period of the evaluation period to the area of the appropriate period of the reference period, A l is local adaptive, V is vulnerability, and A e is for adaptability.
Figure 2. Using the MaxEnt model combined with six climatic factors to construct the Gansu winter wheat planting distribution-climate relationship model, the test

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geographical distribution of agro-meteorological observation station (the red points in the figure) in Gansu winter wheat growing area (Source of data: Northwest regional climate center of China).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. ROC curve of MaxEnt model simulation results for winter wheat planting distribution in Gansu.
3): the coldest month average temperature (Tc) > annual precipitation (P) > annual total radiation (Q) > Annual Extreme Minimum Temperature (Tmin) > The warmest monthly average temperature (Tw) > Altitude (Ele) > Annual average temperature (T).The importance of the climatic factors on the distribution of winter wheat planting areas in Gansu Province according to the knife method shows that the coldest month average temperature and the annual extreme minimum temperature have the most important climatic factors affecting the distribution of winter wheat planting areas.At the same time, combined with the comprehensive analysis ofTable 1, the importance of climate factors affecting winter wheat in GansuProvince is: the coldest month average temperature > annual extreme minimum temperature > annual precipitation > annual total radiation.The distribution of winter wheat planting areas is usually determined by the thermal conditions of winter wheat that can be safely wintered.The coldest month average temperature and annual extreme minimum temperature can reflect the low temperature conditions that winter wheat can tolerate, but the main winter wheat planting areas in Gansu are distributed in drought and semi-arid rain-fed agricultural areas, annual precipitation and annual total radiation are also very important constraints, which is also an important difference between Gansu Province and other regions.See Figure3.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The score of the climatic factor in the knife method.
planting in Gansu from 1961 to 1990 was mainly concentrated in the parts of the eastern part of Gansu Province and the southern part of Gannan.The climate unsuitable area is in the Hexi area and the Gannan Plateau.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Climate suitability of winter wheat planting distribution in Gansu.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Relationship between existence probability and climatic factors of winter wheat in Gansu.

Table 1 .
Percentage contribution rate and replacement importance of environmental variables to winter wheat planting area distribution.

Classification of Climate Suitability for Winter Wheat Planting
Based on the existence probability and climate resource guarantee rate of six climatic factors affecting the distribution of winter wheat planting in China, the

Table 4 .
Area (km 2 ) of suitable area of winter wheat in Gansu Province in different periods and its existence probability

Table 5 .
Evaluation of adaptability and vulnerability of winter wheat to climate change in gansu province from 1961 to 2015.