Evaluation of Piper guineense in the Control of Cowpea Storage Weevils : Implication for Sustainable Credit Advancement

The Central Bank of Nigeria Anchored Borrowers Programme efforts geared towards massive production of cowpea and sustainable food security is challenged with post-harvest losses especially due to insect pest infestation in storage. So also, chemical method of pest control posed more health and ecological challenges than food insecurity. This work investigated the effect of Piper guineense on cowpea storage weevil at the agronomy laboratory of the Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu. Contact toxicity of P. guineense at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 g per 20 g of cowpea seeds in test tubes including a control was observed. The treatment materials exhibited significant efficacy from 24 hours after infestation. P. guineense at 1 g concentration significantly reduced the oviposition potential, egg hatching rate, holes and emergence of adult Callosobruchus maculatus on treated seeds. The powders caused chronic toxicity and inhibit development. All the responses were found to be concentration dependent. Increasing rates of P. guineense increased performance. The implication of these results is discussed and recommendations proffered.


Introduction
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is a pulse crop that is grown successfully in extreme environments such as high temperatures, low rainfall and poor soils with few inputs.Cowpea grain is important to the incomes of resource-poor G. A. S. Benson  farmers as well as to the nutritional status and diets of people in West Africa [1].
The seed is high in protein contents and can be consumed directly, make flour, weaning foods for young children and thus ameliorating malnourishment, wasting and stunting.It also provides a useful complement in diets comprised mainly of roots, tubers or cereals.The Central Bank of Nigeria Anchored Borrowers Programme which is basically for small holder farmers is perceived to be successful based on its achievements in disbursement and utilization of fund by over four hundred thousand (400,000) farmers across the country [2] and the accompanying massive production of cowpea which is still far below storage capacity especially in the northern part of the country.Post-harvest losses of cowpea grain are also a serious problem in Africa.Storage insect pest infestation results in seed weight loss and quality deterioration.The most important is the cowpea storage weevil Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr [3].Heat, moisture and waste products produced by the weevil also result in further deterioration and the growth of moulds with adverse antecedent effect on market prices.This renders cowpea grain unfit for consumption and selling.Thus, farmers are forced to sell their products early after harvest when prices are still low partly because of anticipated losses in storage due to the pest.These pests have often been controlled with synthetic pesticides not easily available to poor resource farmers, and when available, are too expensive [4].So also, the ecological implication of the use of these chemical materials is of great concern to environmentalist.As such, farmers have reverted to the usage of natural products that include plant extracts in the control of pests with varying levels of effectiveness.So, the impulse of the success so recorded by the CBN programme will not be fully felt if adequate protective measures are not put in place.Thus, the use of natural plant products, which are cheap, effective and less toxic to mammals, easy to adopt and environmentally friendly, has been investigated worldwide [3] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9].In Nigeria, indigenous plant materials such as Neem (Azadirachta indica), Bush pepper (Piper guineense), Scent leaf (Ocimum viridis) have been used in different capacities as pesticides [10].P. guineense is used as anti convulsant; extract of P. guineense has been reported to enhance digestion of food by stimulating secretion of digestive enzymes [11].Olotuah et al. [12] reported the efficacy of P. guineense dust at different particle size in the control of Callosobruchus maculatus.Thus, more investigations are necessary to explore natural pro- tectants that abound in large numbers in the country.
This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the efficacy of contact toxicity of different levels of P. guineense powder in controlling cowpea storage weevil with a view to commercializing the product.

Materials and Methods
The C. maculates used for the study was derived from colony originating from infested cowpea seeds obtained from Sabo Market, Ikorodu.The emerged adults were sub-cultured in the laboratory (28˚C ± 3˚C, 70% ± 5% R. H) till new insects emerge.The seeds of cowpea used as bioassay were properly sieved and handpicked to ensure that only whole and uninfected seeds were used.Dry fruits of P. guineense also purchased from the same market were grinded into 150 µm and kept in an air tight container.The powder of P. guineense was tested at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g per 20 g of cowpea in test tubes.Each of the test tubes was tumbled several times to ensure homogeneous mixing of powder with grains.
Three pairs of C. maculatus were introduced into each test tube.Adult mortality was monitored and counted from 1, 3, 5, 7, 12 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after infestation (DAI) using Henderson-Tilton formula: Ta Cb % efficacy 1 100 Ca Tb where Tb = infestation in treated plot before application, Ta = infestation in treated plot after application, Cb= infestation in the check plot before application, Ca = infestation in the check plot after application.
And thereafter, all insects were removed 1weeks later.The numbers of eggs laid were counted and adult emergence was checked from 21 days after withdrawal.
2) Percent efficacy was calculated using the Henderson-Tilton formula.
3) Egg oviposition was recorded by counting the number of eggs laid on seeds.
4) Adult emergence was by counting number of newly emerged insects 21 days after withdrawal of initial insects.
5) Number of holes on cowpea seeds was also counted.
6) Grain loss in weight was taken with the use of a digital weighing scale model SF-400.

Experimental design and data analysis:
The experimental design used for the experiment was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and each treatment was replicated three times.Egg counts were subjected to square root transformation; percentage adult mortality and emergence were arc sine transformed and efficacy determined using the Henderson Tilton method.Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), using SPSS software package.Treatment means were separated using Turkey test at P < 0.05.

Results
The The control recorded a zero percent efficacy.Result from the table also shows that at 5DAI all insecticide treatments were effective in the control of cowpea storage weevil haven achieved efficacy above 40%.The best performance was from 1.0 g piper/20 g seeds not significantly different from 0.8 and 0.6 g piper treatments.The result in the table also showed that the mean number of eggs laid by C. maculatus was significantly (P < 0.05) higher on untreated cowpea seeds not significantly different from 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2g piper treated seeds.The lowest number of eggs was recorded from 1.0 g piper treatment not significantly different from 0.8 g/20 g seeds.
Result on adult emergence from cowpea seeds show that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in weevil emergence among treatments.The highest number of adult emergence was observed on the control untreated seeds while the lowest was recorded from the 1.0 g piper/20 g seed.The general trend is a decrease in weevil emergence with increased piper application.The same trend of a decrease in holes with an increase in piper was observed.The control recorded significantly higher number of holes on the seeds while treatment with 1.0 g P. guineense recorded the lowest number of holes closely followed by treatment with 0.8 g piper.Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences among the treatments.P. guineense applied at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/20 g seed had a significantly (P < 0.05), A reduced loss in grain weigh was observed in the insecticide treatments compared with the control.
Regressing increasing rates of P. guineense with egg oviposition, adult emergence, seed weight loss and adult mortality showed significant positive relationship (Table 2).Increasing the rate of application of the treatment material increased its efficiency in the control of the cowpea bruchid, increase in adult mortality and reduced seed weight loss.However, the cost implications of the

Discussion
This study shows that 1.0 g piper/20 g seed is most effective killing significantly more weevils, reducing grain damage and loss in weight than other concentrations.The performance of P. guineense in this work might be due to piperine, piperidine and chavicine constituents in it.Okonkwo and Okoye [13] had earlier reported that P. guineense contains piperine and chavicine which are insecticidal.The family piperaceae to which P. guineense belongs has also been reported to possess some forms of insecticidal properties which are capable of suppressing various developmental instars of C. maculates [14].Ofuya [15], Ofuya and Dawodu [16], Asawalam and Emosairue [17], Asawalam et al. [18], Kabeh and Jalingo [19] have previously reported that P. guineense powder has a significant contact toxicity action against stored product insect pests.They further postulated that the powder may also cause physical abrasion to the cuticle of bruchids with a resultant loss of body fluids or blockage of spiracles.The ability of the plant powders to significantly cause adults mortality of C. maculatus, inhibiting oviposition and eventual suppression of F 1 progeny emergence can be attributed to contact toxicity of the powders.So also, the performance of the insecticide powders (150 µm) used in this work is supported by the findings of Fasakin and Aberego [20] who reported that pulverized plant material from P. guineense inhibited egg hatchability, adult emergence of Dermestes maculatus in smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during storage.Similar effects of plant materials as insect protectants have also been observed in the treatment of cowpea and maize weevils [16] [21].Application of P. guineense significantly inhibited egg laying by the female beetles compared to control.The reduction in eggs laid and adult emergence of C. maculatus from cowpea seeds treated with P. guineense powder compared with the control suggested that C. maculatus development was adversely affected by the different levels of 150 µm P. guineense particle size.This is in agreement with the findings of Asawalam and Emosairue [17], and Asawalam et al. [18] who reported the efficacy of pepper Piper guineense powder and pirimiphos methyl dust against Sitophilus zeamais.The observed efficacy of P. guineense powder on increased adult mortality, oviposition inhibition and suppression of F 1 progeny emergence are all concentration dependent.This is in line with the previously reported work by Golob et al. [5] and Waqar et al. [6].

Conclusion
It is concluded that an effective control of cowpea weevil is achievable with the application of P. guineense and therefore recommended for further adoption.
The profitability of the different rates of the tested material is suggested for further investigation.Based on the results achieved, the government is implored to put in place policy geared towards those measures that will ensure that as funds are advanced to the poor resource farmers, their knowledge and efficiency in the use of plant-derived protectants are broadened to produce an all-year-round good quality food while the health of the producer and the environment are not jeopardized.Such measures should also include the identification of more potential plant materials with insecticidal properties to control pests.These will ultimately ensure success in government programme towards self-sufficiency of quality foodstuff.
et al.
experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Laboratory of Crop Production effects of P. guineense on oviposition, adult emergence, number of holes, weight loss and mortality of C. maculates is as obtained in Table1.No mortality was recorded at 1, 3, 5, 7, 12 and 12 hours after application.There was signifi-

Table 1 .
Effect of P. guineense on oviposition, adult emergence, number of holes, weight loss and mortality of C. maculatus.Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% probability level.

Table 2 .
Simple correlation and regression between increasing rate of P. guineense and oviposition, adult emergence, number of holes, seed weight loss and mortality of C. maculates at 5 days after infestation (n = 5).