Design and Power Flow Analysis of Electrical System Using Electrical Transient and Program Software

Power flow analysis is a numerical way of study of behavior of flow of electric power in an interconnected system. In order to meet the growing demands of electrical energy in an optimum way, there is a need to upgrade existing systems or to install new systems. Therefore, planning of new installations and determination of best operating conditions of existing systems need power flow analysis. In this way, cost/benefit ratio for both suppliers and customers is maintained. This research involves the design and power flow analysis of IEEE-14 bus system. Newton Raphson method is applied for better efficiency and reduced computational time. Simulation analysis is conducted in ETAP software because of its excessive used in real life systems.


Introduction
Behavior of flow of electric power in an interconnected system is studied numerically by power flow analysis.Single line diagram and per unit system are the fundamental components of this analysis.Voltage (V), voltage angles (δ), active power (P) and reactive power (Q) are the variables involved in this study.Active power and voltage are known at supply side and reactive power and voltage angles are determined through numerical analysis of power flow.Active power and reactive power are known at consumer side and voltage and voltage angles are evaluated through power flow analysis [1] [2] [3].R. Muzzammel  There is a requirement to improve current power system or to add new systems to existing systems for meeting energy demands.Therefore, power flow analysis is an essential study for future expansion of power system and for finding the ideal operating conditions of existing electric power systems.Moreover, economic dispatch, unit commitment, contingency analysis, transient and steady state analysis and short circuit analysis require power flow analysis [2] [3].
In power flow analysis, there are three types of buses i.e., swing bus, generator bus and load bus.Swing bus and generator bus are source buses.For swing bus, V and δ are known and P and Q are unknown values.The source bus with larger size of generator is normally taken as swing bus.For generator bus (PV bus), P and V are known values and Q and δ are unknown.For load bus (PQ bus), P and Q are known and V and δ are unknown values.The unknown parameters of buses (i.e., P and Q for swing bus, Q and δ for generator bus and V and δ for load bus) are determined from known values of buses (i.e., V and δ for swing bus, P and V for generator bus and P and Q for load bus) and impedance between these buses ( ij Z ) using power flow calculations.After performing power flow analysis, all the four parameters (V, δ, P and Q) are available for swing bus, generator bus and load bus.The other electrical parameters such as current, power factor, apparent power for the whole electrical system can be determined from these four parameters (V, δ, P and Q) and impedance between the buses Commercial power systems are complicated.It is not possible to analyze power flow through hand calculations.Physical models of power systems were analyzed through network analyzers in laboratories between 1929 and early 1960.Afterwards, invention of digital computers replaced the analog methods with numerical methods [1]- [7].
Initially, linear methods were proposed to analyze power flow analysis.
In this research paper, Newton Raphson method is implemented because of its accuracy and reduced computational time due to less iteration as compared to Gauss Seidel method.Iterative methods are techniques for solving the n equations of the linear system Ax b = one at a time in sequence, and use previously computed results as soon as they are available, In Gauss Seidel method, the computations appear to be serial.Further, each component of new iteration depends upon all previously computed components.Updates cannot be done simultaneously.In addition to this, new iteration depends on the order in which equations are examined.If this ordering is changed, the components of new iteration (and not just their order) also change.These limitations persuade engineers and researchers to go for Newton Raphson method.Gauss Seidel method is easy to program.Newton Raphson method is complex to program and it ac-Energy and Power Engineering quires more memory space then Gauss Seidel method.Time required for per iteration in Newton Raphson method is larger than Gauss Seidel method but the overall time for iterative process is less because of less number of iterations for convergence [1] ETAP software is used for simulation because of its extension of real time intelligent power management systems for monitoring, controlling, automating and optimizing power systems.It is a high impact software used for power flow analysis is generation, transmission and distribution systems of electric power engineering [10] [11] [12] [13].
This research paper consists of following sections: Section II covers the mathematical background and proposed flow chart for Newton Raphson method.
Section III contains the details of IEEE-14 bus system as a test model for depicting accuracy of power flow analysis method.Simulation analysis in tabular form is presented in Section IV.Section V concludes the research.

Newton Raphson Method
Newton Raphson method is named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson.Successively better approximations for the roots of a real-valued function are determined from this method.Newton-Raphson load flow analysis is based on Newton Raphson method for evaluation of a system of nonlinear equations.It is an iterative method which approximates a set of non-linear simultaneous equations is approximated to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylor's series expansion by this iterative method [2] [3].
Referring to Figure 1, polar form of power flow equations are formulated for n bus system in terms of bus admittance matrix Y as ( ) where i and j represent th i and th j bus respectively.The current in terms of the active and the reactive power at bus i is: Using Equation (3) into Equation (2) gives: Real and imaginary parts are separated as: ( ) ( ) Taylor series expansion of Equation ( 6) and Equation ( 7) and neglecting higher order term result: Linearized relationship is obtained by this Jacobian matrix between small changes in voltage angles  8) can be modified as: The diagonal and the off diagonal elements of 1 J are: ( ) ) where j i ≠ .
( ) Similarly, diagonal and off diagonal elements of 2 J , 3 J , 4 J are: ( ) ) ) ) The terms 8) are the differences between the scheduled and calculated values of power called power residuals given as: Using Equation ( 8), Equation (18) and Equation ( 19), Flow chart of Newton Raphson method is given in Figure 2. Test system i.e., IEEE 14 bus system is analyzed in Figure 3.

Test System-IEEE 14 BUS System
IEEE 14 bus system is used to validate the performance of Newton Raphson method.Table 1 and Table 2 provide the details of buses data and branches data for power system.In Table 1, *Bus Type (1) represents swing bus, (2) represents generator bus (PV bus) and (3) represents load bus (PQ bus).

Simulation Analysis
ETAP software is used for simulation analysis and simulation circuit is given in Figure 4. Power flow analysis for IEEE-14 bus system is carried out by Newton Raphson method.Table 3 provides the results of power flow analysis on branches of electric power system.
Table 4 gives the detail of load and losses in electric power system after power flow analysis via Newton Raphson method.IEEE-14 bus system after power flow analysis is given in Figure 5.
Power flow analysis results in generation of alerts at generators.The alerts contain the conditions of operation of generator as shown in Table 5. Conditions of operation of generators are overload, overexcited, under excited and normal.After taking into consideration the capability curve and load values, the generation values are readjusted to bring operation of generators under normal conditions and it is shown in Table 6.ETAP report is generated and is given in Table 7 to depict the generation and load in electric power system test model.
Voltage and current of test system are measured before and after load flow analysis to depict the state of the system and are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7. Change in the values of voltage and angles are observed.It is the requirement of power system to have good voltage regulation for ensuring acceptable power factor value.

Conclusion
In this research paper, IEEE-14 bus system is developed and analysed.Power flow analysis is conducted through Newton Raphson method.Further, operating conditions of generators are determined.Generation values are readjusted by et al.DOI: 10.4236/epe.2019.114011190 Energy and Power Engineering ( ) to complete the particular iteration.The new values calculated as shown below are used for the next iteration (k + 1)

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.This figure shows the simulation circuit of IEEE-14 bus system on ETAP software.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Graphical representation of voltage and current of IEEE-14 bus system before power flow analysis.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Graphical representation of voltage and current of IEEE-14 bus system after power flow analysis.
et al.

Table 1 .
This table shows the bus data of IEEE-14 bus system.

Table 2 .
This table shows the branch data of IEEE-14 bus system.

Table 3 .
This table provides the result of power flow analysis of on branches of IEEE-14 bus system.

Table 4 .
This table shows the result of load and losses after load flow analysis at 230 kv and at 100 percent magnitude.

Table 5 .
This table gives the condition of three phase generators after power flow analysis via Newton Raphson method.

Table 6 .
This table gives the values of generation under normal operating conditions of generators.

Table 7 .
This table shows the load flow ETAP software report via Newton Rahson method.