Mother and Daughter Prisoners of Guilt: A Discussion of Freudian and Kleinian Theory

The present article starts from questions raised about the discussion of the feeling of guilt in the mother and daughter relation, mainly from the theories of Freud on the importance of the fault of the emotional development of the individuals and Melanie Klein’s on the fundamental paper in the fault on the capacity to make repairs. Our objective is to investigate how possible flaws in the processes of elaboration of ambivalent conflicts may bring guilt, rather than becoming a conductive device to this development, to become an obstacle. Finally, still based on Freud and Klein, we will address the specificities of guilt in this relationship and how it can make it difficult to construct and separate this bond.

2 drive outward influencing anxieties relative to external and internal situations. This experiment has the effect of transforming parts of the environment and the first object with which the child relates as hostile. If frustrations come to be felt as retaliation the aggressiveness thrown by the ego, creating a suffering that accentuates the persecutory anxieties. These anxieties also relate to the bad parts of that object, with which the child will also identify. This introjected bad object feeds the inner feelings of anguish and fears and gives the superego hostile qualities that have affected the essence of guilt.
On the other hand, the opposite movement causes the life drive to cling to the world and external objects favoring the introjection of the good object, the quality and quantity of the drives will influence the psychic development of the individual. For Klein [1], the internalized good and bad object will form the nucleus of the superego and it is these aspects that internally will represent the struggle between the drives. The composition of the superego will have influence in this internal dynamics that will reflect in the character of the guilt that can be persecutory or depressive, linked to the anxieties referring to the fear of possible damages done to the good object.
Later Grinberg [2] develops the concept of persecutory and depressive guilt in more depth, which we will discuss later. The first is conditioned by primary situations where feelings of distress, fear, despair and helplessness intervene. The second would be Indispensable the capacity to love, to elaborate the mourning and desire to repair the damaged object. We know that relations with internal and external objects are, from the beginning, influenced by frustrations and gratifications that take place during life in the interaction between the inner and outer world.
The conflicts between fantasies and what happens out there are according to our emotions and experiences. During the development process, identifying with these good objects tends to make people experience security. If the inner world is filled with bad objects the individual experiences persecution and suspicion. These qualities also affect the emergence and the aspect of guilt.
At first this guilt is persecutory and punitive, taking its coloring from the preceding paranoid state of persecution. However, by accumulating good experiences with the total object and its tendency to survive, guilt is modified by the impulse to repair the good object and contribute to its survival. At this point, guilt is permeated by reparative desires and contributes to the strength of the constructive and creative effort that derives from it [3].
The motivation to perform reparations depends on the elaboration of the guilty feeling, it is necessary that the criticisms of the superego are reflected in the ego and this is taken to the movement to repair the object attacked and damaged as a way to appease the anxiety caused by the feeling of guilt. On the other hand, if guilt remains unconscious it can be a constraining factor. For Freud [4,5] unconscious guilt can make life difficult for subjects, as in the obsessive symptom that can't get rid of rituals affecting their daily lives, or become a motivating force for self-punishment or a motivated type of failure.
When in Guilty Criminals (1916) he calls attention to behaviors motivated by unconscious guilt, the subject who commits a crime unconsciously seeks a way to be punished to alleviate guilt. In 1923 in Ego and Id [5], he corroborates the hypothesis by introducing the concept of superego, making guilt a central element of character development, making in 1924, in the text www.yumedtext.com | December-2018 3 the economic problem of masochism, the direct connection of unconscious guilt with the need for punishment and maintenance of suffering.
Klein follows Freud's position on unconscious guilt and need for punishment. A too cruel conscience sustained by a primitive superego that remained in his severely cruel state, impels crime under pressure from fear and guilt. In 1927, he shares Freud's theory of the relation of guilt to criminal tendencies and associates these tendencies with aggressive and sadistic object relations followed by guilt in infantile behavior: "The compulsion to repetition is derived from various causes, but greatly influenced by the guilty feeling that requires punishment. Here we can already see some differences between the normal and the neurotic child: the intensity of the fixations, the manner and the time in which these fixations are linked to the experiences, the severity and the type of development of the superego, which also depends on external causes and finally, the child's ability to withstand anxiety and conflict are some of the most important factors that determine whether there will be normal, neurotic development [6].
It writes about how external situations reflect the form of the violent internal attacks on the ego by a severe superego, represented by hostile internal objects. Confirming the substitution of unconscious guilt for punishment in order to alleviate the sadistic and dreadful inner states that cause distress. When repressing these sadistic fantasies does not allow them to be sublimated or that leads the child to make reparations, the guilt, also repressed, does not become lighter forcing the child to repeat his actions, substituting fantasies through the constant search for external punishments. For Klein [6], the desire for punishment becomes a vicious cycle since repression does not end the process.

Guilt and Need for Punishment
The repetition compulsion can be motivated by several forms, one of which is the feeling of repressed or unconscious guilt that requires punishment. This repression is inevitably linked to the superego and its intensity is synchronized the severity of this instance. In psychoanalysis of children of 1932 she then corroborates the difference of the primitive superego (infantile) and the developed superego. The first is perceived in the psyche as anxiety and fear while during its development it becomes able to awaken the feeling of guilt.
Concept that she begins to construct in the attempt to decipher the experiences of remorse and guilt of her infantile patients. Although Klein insisted that he did not disagree with Freud as to his description of the superego, he claimed only to bring some contributions as to the origin of this instance which, for him, happened much earlier as consisting of manifold and varied elements, objects and fantasies with which the baby relates. Finally, because of the much longer evolutionary course, the superego would not establish itself as a fusion of the parental superego, but as a process in the construction of these identifications and projections.
Because it is a little longer development process it would undergo processes of transforming its hardness into smoothing and integration of its contradictory parts. Klein [7] understood the archaic superego as much more rigid by connecting its emergence to the pre genital stages of development, oral and anal sadism. The analysis of young children under the age of four and five showed evidence of remorse and guilt as a consequence of these sadistic fantasies and also the rigor of the superego at that stage.
In spite of the superego correspond the real people of the external world it is also characterized by the images of the mind, that is, all the factors that influence in the daily life of the child has participation in the construction of the superego.
Relationships with the mother would therefore be the basis of the formation of this instance, of the most important characteristics, whether of a protective or destructive nature, therefore, the first feelings of guilt or the motivation to repress them have their origin in this relation.
In all situations where he encounters the intensity of hatred, characteristic of the initial sadistic stages of development, he also ends up in conflict when he realizes that the objects he hates are the same as he loves. Aggressive attacks soon become an unbearable burden for an ego still fragile, where a possible defense tool is repression and thus every conflicting situation is never resolved.
Staying in the unconscious, the force of these repressions establishes the prevailing fixations in the later Oedipal conflict and can form the prototype of frustrations for the rest of life. For Klein [7], the anxieties and guilts related to the beginning of this relationship are one of the main sources for future inhibitions at work, possibly because of the weakening of the creative capacity of both boy and girl.

Love and Hate. The Guilt in the Relationship Mother and Daughter
Like Freud, she also speaks of different characteristics in the development of the superego of men and women. Both derive from the femininity phase of interactions with the maternal imago, both of which develop primitive cruel identifications at once of the good and comforting ones. But it is in rivalry and identification with the mother that the superego differentiates itself in qualities. The girl recognizes in the mother's body her own, so the anxieties about the attacks directed at the maternal object and her creative capacity find in this similarity the possibility that her own body is also damaged.
Here too we can find an explanation for women's constant (often excessive) concern with their own beauty, for they fear that this too will be destroyed by their mother. Behind the impulse to behave always there is the attempt to restore the destroyed grace, the original notion of anxiety and guilt [7]. www.yumedtext.com | December-2018 5 She considers the initial bond between mother and daughter impregnated with ambivalence and guilt. For Klein [8], the appearance of oedipal tendencies in girls appears with weaning, the resentment that the mother arouses with the withdrawal of the breast intensifies with the interest of a third party. This double injustice inflates the deepest feelings of hatred that the girl feels for her mother. The girl's desire for the maternal attributes she refuses her daughter are much stronger for the author than the desire to possess and envy a penis, as Freud suggested.
Just as guilt and envy would also come at a very primordial stage of relations with the mother's womb, the one still split up into good or evil. The object to be envied is the nurturing bosom which possesses all that the girl desires and which possesses a stream of gratification and love. This feeling adds to resentment and causing a disturbed relationship with the mother. The intense envy of the nursing mother interferes with the capacity for complete satisfaction, making it difficult to develop a feeling of gratitude towards the maternal object.
In the girl these feelings, desires and fantasies are accompanied by a rivalry, aggression and hatred against the mother and her properties as a woman, as well as the ability to have other babies, which also provokes envy, soman the resentment that feels against her from frustrations. Despite the hostility the girl's desire for the maternal object remain active. The individuality of the daughter is the result of a partial and infinite work of elaborating this conflict. We were born in an early oedipal situation, as Klein [7] wrote, and we never cease to be implicated in this too human territory.
The ambivalences intensify as the Oedipal conflict is being elaborated and the girl once again carries the weight of the conflict between love and hatred for the mother. Added to the most archaic sadistic attacks are now a more elaborate internal conflict due to the maturing of the ego and superego. The girl is afraid of not being loved, but fear of the loss of love is secondary to anxiety about the already internalized image of a castrating mother and having her interior attacked by this primitive hostile maternal object. This fantasy originated in the birth of a severe, accusatory, archaic superego, which leaves behind an avalanche of contradictory feelings including primitive guilt.
Among mothers and daughters, hostility possibly carries a distant memory of the pain of losing the illusion of an omnipotent love, a missing place. But as Freud [9] argued, hostility is necessary to maintain the cycle of illusion and disappointment necessary for psychic development and for the movement of individuation between mother and daughter. Hostility is what remains of the voracity and desire for the completeness of maternal love [10]. We find that this trajectory is somewhat more ambiguous and that guilt is possibly more present in girls than in boys. They need to identify with the archaic mother, the one who was attacked and destroyed by the sadistic fantasies. Melanie Klein leaves us the legacy that the love in the beginnings is cruel and barbarous. This love is needed to repair the maternal object with which the girl identifies herself, first of all it is necessary a dosage of guilt to wish to repair, because in case of excess it can be imprisoning.
The intensity of guilt in this relationship tends to be more overloaded, it was with this primary object that the melee was consequently impregnated with the more archaic hostile fantasies. We have seen that repression is a way of alleviating the conflicts arising from these feelings, yet it only stabilizes the struggle without ever ending. The guilt that is tied to the conflict and also repressed so little succumbs. Instead of getting the child to make repairs, she is stuck trying to alleviate www.yumedtext.com | December-2018 6 those anxieties, which eventually causes inhibitions and corrupts the creative process that is part of building healing ideas. On the other hand, the repressed guilt keeps fed the necessity of punishment.
When speaking of the depressive position Klein [11], it will refer to two possible combinations of aggressiveness and guilt that vary in intensity over time. One of character and punitive and another of depressive character, the first giving gradually place to another as a way to reinforce the real efforts of repair. Depressive guilt connects with the child's ability to go through conflicting processes at the junction of the good and bad object into a total object.
The child in this position is already emotionally mature to absorb the confluence of love and hate that drives the mother. In the depressive position efforts are mobilized to enhance the good internalized aspect of the object, source of generous feelings that will help in the experiences of ambivalent relationships. The difficulties in internalizing a good internal object are linked to the external object, absence, helplessness, repulsion or deprivation of someone, also threatens the fantasies of the good internal object that nourished the person as internal psychological support. If the object tends to not be good enough the defenses related to the conflicts may be insufficient or have a rancorous and aggressive quality inflating the guilt and anxieties coming from it. The bad enough object corroborates the aggressive and destructive fantasies.
The repairing experience works as a mechanism to help tolerate anxiety and guilt; this is grounded in an inner world capable of suggesting some hope and a feeling that something good exists, whatever the accumulations of aggressive feelings. The guilt, if conscious, causes the subject to try to organize what has possibly been spoiled, in which case the reparation devoted to the maternal object has, as a corresponding aspect, the effect of restoring the internal state of the subject. This movement, according to Klein [6], provides the possibility of sublimation and fantasies can be liberated for creative activities.
The way in which the child handles guilt depends on his ability to construct and maintain a sense of his own balanced love against hatred [6]. This means being able to sustain a loving feeling for an object that is good and felt to be part of the inner world as well, being part of your personality. This potential for concern is also what leads the subject to be more social, to have an easier relationship with other people. For Klein [12] concern and interest are unfoldings of the archaic superego, unlike the genuine concern for the introjection of the good qualities of the object, the archaic superego brings the subject to social considerations through the threat of punishment.
If the external object responds to the aggressive fantasies of the child, that is, an aggressive, demanding or authoritarian mother, for example, will actually offer elements that will contribute to nourishing a persecuting superego by increasing internal anxieties. When guilt has too persecutory a tone it will require punishment, need for punishment, self-sacrifice, and penitent behavior. According to Klein [11], the feeling of frustration and the lack of satisfaction of the desires for the maternal object increases the guilt, because the impediment of a satisfaction awakens a certain amount of aggressiveness that, in turn, has to be suppressed.
She also writes about how these conflicts between love and hate profoundly affect the adult's development and emotional life, for the effects of these archaic fantasies are enduring and profoundly influence the minds of individuals. These conflicts are to some extent responsible for the interaction between the child and the external world, there is a constant fluctuation www.yumedtext.com | December-2018 7 between the fears of internal and external objects, between the death instinct that acts within and that which acts outside. This interaction continues throughout life.
The findings of psychoanalysis show that sensations of this sort have roots deeper than assumed and are always tied to the unconscious feeling of guilt. The reason some people need both praise and general approval is the need to have proof that they are worthy of love. This feeling arises from the unconscious fear of being unable to truly or sufficiently love others, and especially of not being able to master their own aggressive impulses [13].

Conclusion
This inability to feel good about oneself, collaborate for social inhibitions that we spoke about earlier. It is also a consequence of the creative incapacity of the subject who spends a great deal of energy in a cyclical martyrdom. While guilt, if it is conscious, can be an incentive for creativity along with the repairing efforts of the damaged object, it can be a limitation of creative resources. If it is too intense it can inhibit interests and productive activities by imprisoning the subject in the dimension of their conflicts.
When the child lives in an environment where he or she finds it difficult to get satisfaction and in addition to it, they have little capacity to withstand frustrations, their aggression and guilt can become unbearable. Aggressiveness itself tends to create frightening and rigorous figures of parents, these conflicts to a greater or lesser extent are part of psychic life, so we can see that aggressive impulses and guilt influence the mental attitudes we develop.
We have seen that the question of ambivalence and specifically hatred in this relationship is pertinent, hence the need to rescue certain aspects of the theory of these three authors to unlock the connection of this conflict with the feeling of guilt as an element of embarrassment of this separation. In the next point we will specifically address guilt and inevitably we will return to talk about ambivalences, in the sense that hostility is, for psychoanalysis, directly linked to guilt. Both Freud and Klein dealt with the affective ambivalence of mother and daughter from the oedipus complex, but Klein [13] later expanded his theory of aggressiveness, guilt, and how the ability to make amends can help the individual to develop.
In addition, she was quite forceful in disagreeing with Freud on the idyll, proposed by him, lived by mother and daughter in the first moments of life and comments that his clinical experience already shows that from a very early moment the conflict permeates the relation. In this sense we can think that Klein implies the presence of the mother in the game of identification and disidentification of the daughter, considering also that a frustrating reality can reinforce hostile feelings, guilts and fears.
It dialogues with the hate / guilt relationship and thinks it is such a sophisticated feeling that it can be a key element to the capacity for satisfying subjectivation.
The feeling of guilt is anxiety linked to ambivalence, for the aggressive-destructive impulse belongs to a primitive kind of relationship in which love involves destruction. The ability to deal with these experiences is what makes the emergence of concern possible. www.yumedtext.com | December-2018 8