Early Warning Effect of “Wearing Cap” and “Catching Cap” on the Company’s Risk Structure

This paper takes the listed companies in China from 2010 to 2015 as samples, which uses the breakpoint regression design to analyze the change of risk structure and its possible mechanism of listed companies after wearing and removing hats. The results show that the short-term solvency of listed companies deteriorates after wearing hats, and the long-term liabilities increase significantly. R&D expenditure decreased significantly, and cash flow level deteriorated. Financial leverage and comprehensive leverage increased significantly, and the total market value of the company decreased significantly, which led to a significant deterioration in the short-term financial risk structure of the company after wearing a hat.


Introduction
Economist Jonathan's modern market economy structure is mainly divided into four levels: the natural resources of the physical form constitute the first level, commodity trade in services constitutes the second floor, stocks, bonds and other securities constitute the third level, financial derivatives constitute the fourth level, the first two levels are the real economy category, the last two levels are based on the previous two levels, produced for the real economy. In turn, it will also work in the real economy by playing the role of resource allocation in the securities market, to reflect the function of the stock market as a barometer of real economic development.
In the process of macroeconomic operation, economists have great differences in analyzing the role of stock market development in economic development. Some experts believe that the stock market has a strong positive correlation with economic growth, and suggest that the effective capital market divides the stock market into a strong and efficient market. The semi-strong effective market and the weak effective market believe that in a strong and efficient market, the investor information cost tends to zero, and the capital efficiency can be effectively allocated to promote economic growth. Others believe that the correlation between stock market development and economic growth is not large. People put money into the stock market based on risk sharing and other reasons, resulting in lower national savings rate and lower potential growth rate.
China's Shanghai stock market was established in 1990. Shenzhen Stock Exchange was established in 1991. In 2005, it experienced the split share structure reform, adapted to the direction of capital market reform and stable development, and the delisting system and the reform of the registration system of the primary market issuance system. Advance improvement, the effectiveness of China's stock market will inevitably continue to improve. By analyzing the development experience of capital markets in developed countries, we find that developed countries' stock markets have a complete delisting system for listed companies. The delisting system of China's stock market has been criticized by people, mainly since the establishment of the stock market. Lower than the developed countries' markets, the problem of China's stock market formation is difficult to enter, which seriously affects the function of stock market value discovery. Due to the problem of investor structure in China's stock market, retail investors account for a large proportion. In the process of promoting the delisting system, we first adopt a special treatment system to mark the enterprises whose fundamentals have deteriorated, and to pass such signals to investors to make investors the focus shifts to the company, which helps to form a value investment concept.
"ST" (Special Treatment, "special treatment", hereinafter referred to as wearing a hat) is an intermediate measure for the company's normal listing and suspension of listing, mainly to convey to investors the signal of poor company management, to avoid investors' larger Loss of assets. By analyzing the data of A-share listed companies in 2010-2015, we found that the majority of the wearing caps due to abnormal financial status, the abnormal financial situation we mentioned here only refers to the company's net profit for two consecutive fiscal years is negative. This situation, which was worn for three years, was mainly caused by poor management of the company. The research topics we focus on are mainly about whether the risk structure indicators will change significantly before and after the company wears the hat, and the mechanism analysis is behind this change. Understanding this problem will help us understand the special treatment system in promoting the delisting system. The role played in the process makes it easy for us to analyze the original intention of setting up a spe- Our research found that the company's short-term solvency is significantly worse after wearing a cap. This may be caused by the company's short-term ability to operate poorly, and the short-term cash flow level deteriorates, resulting in a deterioration in short-term solvency. For the sake of continuing operations, in the case of deteriorating cash flow levels, it is necessary to increase financial leverage. In the short term, the company's financial risks have also increased further. We can also see that the company's relative value indicators are significantly worse. It can be judged that the company's short-term operation has caused the company to wear a hat. After the company wears a hat, it signals the social investors that the company's business is deteriorating. The short-term solvency of the company is worsened due to its own mismanagement and social financing. As a result, the company's financial leverage and financial risks continue to increase.
Compared with the existing literature, the contribution of this paper lies in: First, after analyzing the impact of the company's wearing cap on its risk structure, we analyze its possible impact mechanism. According to a study by Servaes et al. (2017), the more social capital a company has, the smaller the credit spread of its borrowings, and the longer the borrowing period, which is mainly due to the creditors' based on the social capital of the enterprise [1]. Trust, this kind of trust can make enterprises enjoy greater convenience in financing. In the existing literature, there is little discussion about the mechanisms behind it. Second, when discussing the impact of wearing caps on risk structure indicators, this paper uses the method of breakpoint regression design. In the subject we studied, there is a strong endogeneity. Since the net profit of the company is negative for two consecutive years, the impact of the research special treatment system on the financial data must be endogenous. We use the breakpoint regression. The method can eliminate other interferences, only to see the impact of wearing a cap on stocks. This effect has two aspects, namely, the impact on the price limit of stock trading and the impact on the risk structure indicators of enterprises.
The following structure is arranged as follows: the second part is the literature review; the third part is the data source; the fourth part is the empirical analysis; the last is the conclusion of this paper.

Literature Review
In the process of implementing the special treatment system, the listed company was wearing a cap due to poor management, wearing a hat as a signal to convey the deterioration of the company's operations. After the investor knew the signal, he would vote in the stock market to sell the stock. As a result, the company's financing in the capital market is limited, which will have a certain impact on the company's follow-up operations. After the investors got the news of the The first is the change of company performance after special treatment. Cai Wangchun et al. (2016) found that the special treatment system will lead to a decline in the operating performance of listed companies, and damage the profitability of Listed Companies in the next period [2]. Feng Yun et al. (2009) found that delisting system did not significantly promote the listed companies' efforts to improve the quality of the company, because after wearing hats, the company would carry out "shelling" activities, and the company's operating performance did not significantly improve [3]. Lv Changjiang et al. (2007) found that the restructuring of ST company only has immediate effect, and it is difficult to bring about the overall improvement and improvement of company performance [3].
Li Zhe et al. (2006) found that ST company has serious opportunistic reorganization, and its profitability has not been substantially improved [4]. Wu Jinhua et al. (2013) selected 31 hat-wearing enterprises and 31 non-hat-wearing enterprises in 2013. By analyzing and comparing some of the financial indicators with great differences, the study found that hat-wearing enterprises and non-hat-wearing enterprises have great differences in short-term solvency, asset management efficiency and long-term solvency [5]. Tang Qiming et al. (2006) used the method of event study to select the cap-wearing enterprises in 2004. The study found that the reaction of Chinese A shares to ST cap-wearing and cap-removal was far from rapid, reflecting that Chinese A shares were not a semi-strong efficient market. There was a strong atmosphere of speculation and speculation in the market. In addition, the reaction of A shares to good news was delayed and adverse, and the reaction to bad news was excessive [6].
The second is the action taken by controlling shareholders and executives after the company has been specially treated. Peng et al. (2011) used the data of China's listed companies to conduct empirical research, and found strong evidence to support the large shareholders' conveying interests to listed companies when the company is in financial distress [7]. Cheng et al. (2010) found that although specially treated companies adopted more earnings management, its effect was not obvious. On the contrary, the threat of delisting led to more substantial restructuring to improve corporate performance [8]. Mahenthiran et al. (2009) found that after being specially treated, companies are keen to improve their performance through earnings management [9]. Green et al. (2009) found that listed companies have problems of profit manipulation and audit opinions buyout after special treatment [10]. Yang (2006) found that after wearing a hat, the company increased its earnings by earnings management, reducing R&D costs and selling assets to avoid delisting risk [11]. Bai et al. (2004) pointed out that the special treatment system helps to promote the formation of corporate S. Ruan control market. After special treatment, the major shareholders generally show their support for listed companies. ST company has achieved significant positive cumulative excess returns in two years of special treatment [12]. Zhu Tao et al.

Data Sources
There are many reasons for the listed companies to wear caps. Some of them are wearing caps due to abnormal financial conditions, some wearing caps due to natural disasters, some wearing caps for other reasons, and other reasons for wearing caps. It is difficult to observe, so we analyze the reasons for wearing a In the suggestive announcement before the special treatment (ST), we calculated the reasons for the "wearing cap" of ST enterprises, which are mainly divided into the following categories: 90 samples are due to losses in consecutive two years, accounting for 83%; 11 The sample was issued with an audit report that could not express opinions, accounting for 8%; the net assets per share at the end of the 10 sample period was negative, accounting for 7%; one was guaranteed by the actual controller because of the violation, accounting for 0.7%; The main business was discontinued and could not be recovered in three months, accounting for 0.7%. Since it is easier to set the running variable by using the negative net profit for two consecutive years, we select the sample that has been lost for two consecutive years in the "wearing cap" group.
We are studying the changes in the risk structure indicators before and after the company wears caps. According to previous studies, we use the following indicators to represent the risk structure, mainly including debt service ratios: quick ratio, working capital and long-term debt-to-debt ratio, cash. α .
From Table 1, we can see that the company's closing price has decreased significantly after 20 trading days after wearing the cap. The number of daily trading shares and daily trading amount is also significantly lower, indicating that the company wears a hat as a negative signal to investors. Investors selling company stocks in the market caused the company's stock price to fall, while the amount of participation in the company's transactions fell sharply, indicating that the special handling system played a role in indicating risks. On the 30 th , 60 th Table 1. Analysis of changes in daily trading data of companies before and after wearing caps. and 90 th days after wearing the hat, the daily closing price decreased significantly, and the number of daily trading shares and daily trading amount decreased significantly, indicating that the result is relatively stable. We can see from the coefficient that the wearing time is later. The larger the coefficient, the smaller the daily closing price, the number of daily trading shares and the daily trading amount are affected.
b) Breakpoint regression analysis results of wearing caps We studied how the risk structure indicators of the company changed before and after wearing a hat. We will be divided into four sections before and after wearing the cap, which are 1 quarter, 2 quarters, 3 quarters and 4 quarters after wearing the cap. We observe the changes in the risk structure indicators of the company within these bandwidths. We only report key factor 1 α here.
Let us first look at the regression result with a bandwidth of 1, representing three indicators of solvency (Table 2): quick ratio, working capital, and long-term debt-to-equity ratio. In contrast, the quick ratio and working capital are mainly used to indicate the change in the solvency of the company after wearing the cap in the short term. We can see that the quick ratio is negative after wearing the cap. The ability to sell debts is weakening, but not statistically significant. Working capital was significantly reduced after wearing a cap, which intuitively reflected the weakening of the company's short-term solvency. These two indicators show that the company's short-term solvency will be weakened after wearing a cap. The long-term debt-to-equity ratio has increased significantly, indicating that the company's liabilities have increased significantly after wearing a cap. It also shows that the company may adopt a form of expanding long-term liabilities to get the company out of trouble after wearing a cap. Therefore, we can see from the above three indicators that the company's solvency will weaken immediately after wearing the cap, and the company will reduce its long-term debt to deal with the company's ability to reduce its capital market after wearing a cap. Therefore, long-term liabilities are significantly increased.
Three indicators representing cash flow: operating index, capital expenditure and depreciation amortization ratio, and cash reinvestment ratio. The company's operating index and cash reinvestment ratio are both significantly reduced after wearing a cap, indicating that the company's short-term cash flow after the cap is reduced, resulting in a significant deterioration in the company's short-term cash flow. The reason may be that the company's capital turnover rate has decreased after wearing the cap. The ratio of capital expenditure to depreciation and amortization is significantly reduced, indicating that the company's capital expenditure after wearing a cap is reduced, indicating that the company's investment in assets after wearing a cap is reduced. In view of the significant reduction in the ratio of intangible assets. After seeing the company wearing a cap, its investment in investment has been reduced. This may be due to the fact that the company is limited by financing in the capital market after wearing the cap, thus reducing investment in investment. Table 2. Regression analysis of the influence of wearing cap on the risk structure index of the company. Three indicators representing risk levels: financial leverage, operating leverage and comprehensive leverage. It can be seen that after wearing the cap, the financial leverage has increased significantly, which has led to a further increase in the risk level. This may be due to the fact that the company has turned to the bank or other institutions for financing after the capital market financing is restricted, resulting in further improvement of its financial leverage. This will also have a certain impact on the company's operations, or it may be that the company adopts a radical strategy after wearing a hat to get rid of the state of wearing a S. Ruan hat. The company's operating leverage has also improved to a certain extent, but it is not statistically significant. It may be due to the company's expansion of financial expenses and operating expenses have not increased significantly. On the whole, we can see that the company's comprehensive leverage is significantly improved, and the company's risk level is further improved after wearing the cap. Four indicators representing relative value indicators: price-to-earnings ratio, price-to-book ratio, market capitalization tangible assets ratio, and book value-to-market ratio. We see that the price-earnings ratio is lower, but it is not statistically significant. It may be because the company's stock price will drop immediately after the company releases the information on the bearish information, resulting in a decline in the price-earnings ratio. The price-to-book ratio has also declined after wearing a cap, and it has been significantly reduced. The market-to-value ratio of tangible assets has also decreased significantly. The book-to-market ratio has increased significantly. These are after the company announced the wearing of cap information. In response, the reaction is a sharp drop in the stock price, which leads to a decrease in the company's market value. It shows that the special treatment system has certain feedback effect on the wearing company.
Then we can see that in the bandwidth from 2 to 4, the quick ratio is not significant, and the latter is significantly improved. The working capital is significantly negative, indicating that the company's solvency is significantly worse in the short term, long-term capital. The debt ratio is significantly positive, indicating that the company's long-term liabilities are increasing after wearing the cap; the operating index is significantly positive at 3, but the coefficient value is relatively small, and the rest is significantly negative, capital expenditure and depreciation The amortization ratio is significantly negative, the result is relatively stable, the cash reinvestment ratio is negative at 1 time, but it is not statistically significant, indicating that the company's reinvestment rate after wearing a cap is declining, in the range of bandwidth 2 to 4. The cash reinvestment rate coefficient is significantly negative, indicating that the company's cash reinvestment rate is lower after wearing the cap, which also shows that the company is significantly reduced after investing in the hat; we can see the financial Leverage, operating leverage and integrated leverage are significantly positive in subsequent bandwidths, indicating that the company's risk level is improved after wearing a cap, and also indicates our knot. Relatively stable; in the analysis of the relative value of the index, we can see that in follow-up bandwidth, the result is more robust.

c) Breakpoint regression graph
After regression analysis of the above four groups of risk structure indicators, we can see that our results are relatively stable. Next, let's look at the breakpoint regression graphs of the various indicators of the company after wearing the cap.
We choose the range of bandwidth 4 to draw a breakpoint regression graph, the graph is as follows: Indicators representing solvency: quick ratio, working capital and long-term S. Ruan debt-to-equity ratio.
From Figure 1, we can see that the quick ratio is significantly improved after the company wears a cap. The change in working capital is not significant, but its coefficient is negative, indicating that the company's short-term solvency after wearing a cap is weakened, long-term capital liabilities. The rate has increased significantly after the company wears a cap, indicating that after the company wears a cap, it expands its long-term liabilities to make up for the short-term problem of difficulty in financing in the capital market due to wearing a hat. So we can see that after wearing a cap, the company's short-term solvency is weakened, and long-term liabilities are expanding.
Indicators representing cash flow: operating index, capital expenditure and depreciation amortization ratio and cash reinvestment ratio.
From Figure 2, we can see that after the company wears a cap, the operating index is reduced, but the significance is not significant, and we can see that the cash reinvestment ratio has dropped significantly, indicating that the company is operating after wearing a cap. The net cash flow generated was significantly reduced. As the company's net profit also decreased, we can see that the change in   the operating index is small and significant. The ratio of capital expenditure to depreciation and amortization is significantly reduced, indicating that the company's cash invested in fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets is reduced after wearing a cap, so it can be seen that the company's investment in these projects is reduced. It may be due to the limited financing capacity caused by the company wearing a cap.
Indicators representing risk levels: financial leverage, operating leverage and leverage.
From Figure 3, we can see that the company's financial leverage has increased significantly after wearing the cap, indicating that the company's financial expansion after wearing a hat is very strong, which also led to the company's financial risk after wearing a hat, the company's operations Leverage is also significantly improved, and the overall leverage is also significantly improved, so we can see that after the company wears a cap, the company can only turn to financial plus leverage after the capital market is limited, which will lead to the risk of the company wearing the cap. Further increase.
Indicators representing relative value: price-to-earnings ratio, price-to-book  ratio, market capitalization tangible assets ratio, and book value-to-market ratio.
From Figure 4, we can see that after the company wears a cap, the priceearnings ratio is significantly lower, the price-to-book ratio is significantly lower, the market-to-value tangible assets ratio is significantly lower, and the book-to-market ratio is significantly higher. From these four indicators, we can see that wearing a cap A signal to investors indicates that there is a problem with the company's operations, so investors will sell the company's stock in the market, which will lead to a decline in the market value of the company. This also demonstrates the role of the special treatment system. The special treatment system is to let the company have problems. Being marked in the market, as a signal of problems in the company's operations, gives investors a reasonable expectation when making investment decisions, so in this respect, the special handling system has a certain positive effect. In terms of combining these aspects of risk structure, we can see that the company will choose to expand long-term liabilities and increase financial leverage after wearing caps due to limited financing in the capital market. At this time, although the company can solve short-term funding problems, Due to the high debt, the company will survive under extremely  high interest pressure and is also a great risk to the company's operations.

Conclusion
We used RESSET data to empirically study the changes in the risk structure indicators of the company after wearing the cap. Through empirical analysis, we came to the following conclusion: we can see that after wearing the cap, the short-term solvency is significantly weakened, the long-term debt is significantly increased; the intangible asset ratio is significantly lower, indicating that the company's R & D investment is lower; the receivables turnover rate is significantly lower; the company's operating index and cash-to-investment ratio are significantly lower. The company's cash flow level has deteriorated significantly; the company's financial leverage and comprehensive leverage have increased significantly, indicating that the company's financial risk level has increased significantly after wearing the cap; the company's P/E ratio, P/B ratio and market capitalization tangible assets ratio have significantly decreased. Wearing a hat as a signal of a company's poor business has caused investors to sell off in the capital market, resulting in a decrease in its market value.