A Review of White Space Research

The white space in life is everywhere. White space refers to the blank, pages, charms, etc., which are empty, unfilled or undeveloped projects and fields. In this paper, the concept, function, related research of white space are described and discussed, and the research direction and relevant marketing suggestions are put forward, in order to provide useful inspiration for further research in this field.


Introduction
White space, that is, nothing, it is a unique way of expression, and is widely used in the fields of painting, calligraphy, literature, drama, film and television, music, and architecture. The collision between the white space and the various fields can be used for different purposes. The scholars at home and abroad have made a great deal of research on the function of the white space from different angles.
However, the research in various fields is rather scattered and lack of systematic arrangement of white space related research. In this paper, the relevant definition of the white space is briefly introduced, and then according to the role of white space in different fields and related research, the future research direction and related marketing suggestions are put forward.
Typography refers to the design and arrangement of visual elements such as text, graphics, etc. [3]. A design method makes it somewhat artistic and aesthetic [4].
The white space in layout design is the "virtual" parts of the layout that do not contain any visual elements [3]. With the development of the Internet, printed periodicals, books, posters and soon began to fade out of sight, replaced by electronic device screens, so the definition of white space has undergone a small change. White space is used to describe the space surrounding the object or work of the visual scene [5] [6]. White space is an area on a screen that does not contain text, pictures, or other visual elements. In addition, white space is not necessarily "white" because it can also be described as a "negative space" around a theme or image, so in a combination of foreground content or context called "positive space," It can be any major background color. In summary, scholars at home and abroad have corresponding definitions when they study different fields, but the common part refers to the white space, pages, symbols, etc., which are not filled or undeveloped projects and fields.
White space can be seen everywhere in our life, but most of them are regarded as the symbol of aesthetics, and few scholars study the role of white space from the field of marketing. In addition, scholars at home and abroad are scattered in various fields, unable to systematically explain the role of white space, this paper through the white space in each field of research to sum up, to provide future research direction on white space for scholars and do the groundwork for white space in the field of marketing research.

White Space Action and Related Research
White space as a unique means of expression has been widely used in various fields. It not only applies to aesthetics, but also plays an indelible role in every field of daily life. At present, the white space research of domestic and foreign scholars involved in various fields, such as layout design painting, calligraphy, film and television, teaching, consumer perception and so on, the white space in different fields show its unique charm. The purpose of this paper is to sort out and sum up the white space research in various fields, so as to provide more clear research ideas for other scholars. The research about white space in various areas is as follows:

White Space and Layout Design
The research about white space in layout design is mainly analyzed from the angle of aesthetics and imagination. For example, by combining with other visible visual elements, white space presents a beauty of reality and contrast [4]. By changing the size and proportion of white space, different styles of art can be reflected in the typography to attract readers' attention [4]. In the layout design of sci-tech periodicals, white space can make the layout harmonious and unified as  [7]. The white space in book binding makes reading produce beautiful meaning, make reader's emotion melt into infinite artistic conception, enlighten people daydream, get spiritual aesthetic level [8]. In addition, the white space in layout design can relieve the pressure of visual psychology and visual physiology.
It not only accords with the psychological order of people's cognition process and the logical order of thinking development, but also is advantageous to the simplicity and lightness, and emphasizes the information to be conveyed. On the contrary, a jumbled and crowded page will make the audience suffer and dread the reading process, and make the audience at a loss [9].

White Space and Teaching
The art of white space teaching refers to the creative teaching practice of using white space flexibly, following the law of teaching and the law of beauty. The research of teaching white space art provides a new understanding and a new way of thinking on a certain level, endows teachers and students with a richer meaning in teaching and learning, makes teaching full of imagination and poetry, and sublimates the meaning of life of teachers and students. At the same time, the creation of teaching white space art can provide concrete methods and meaningful guidance for teaching, so that it can be put into practice. As in [10], if there is a proper "white space" in classroom teaching, it will receive the effect of "silence is better than sound at this time", and summed up the methods of teaching white space art, such as introduction without saying, finishing the finishing touch, and causing imagination to pay attention to the white space art of teaching. As in [11], since teaching is both a science and an art, students do not

White Space and Calligraphy
The so-called "white space" of calligraphy is not only the contrast and supplement to the form of pen and ink, but also the extension and expansion of ink and pen. The "white space" in calligraphy and ink, a virtual and a real, interac- is not seen as lying flat on paper, but more like suspending in the air, creating a more distant spirit.

White Space and Film
In film art, white space art has a wide range of expression, the use of lens lan-

White Space and Consumer Perception
With the development of the Internet, printed periodicals, books, posters and so on began to fade out of sight, replaced by electronic device screens, so the definition of white space has undergone a small change. White space is used to describe the space surrounding the object or work of the visual scene As in [12] [13]. As in [12], whites pace is an area on the screen that does not contain text, pictures, or other visual elements. White space has not only aesthetic function, but also functional function [13]. White space is one of the principles of web site design. Generally speaking, web page design encourages the effective use of whitespace [14] [15] [16], because proper whitespace can reduce web clutter and improve communication effectiveness [17], achieve higher satisfaction [18]. In addition, if whitespace is used properly, it can be used as an indicative visual signal to draw attention to information [19]. White space in layout design emphasizes and highlights important elements, sharpen the contrast between content and context [12] [20] [21]. Appropriate white space can not only affect consumer trust in the site [22], and it also affects the consumer's perception of the brand's image [23] and the perceived value of web products [24]. In addition to its use in web design, white space is widely used in advertising to convey elegance and prestige. The white space around the product can increase the perception of prestige and value of the product, and then improve the evaluation of the product [25]. In addition, in addition to the impact on the content of the site, the white space around the text information can affect the persuasiveness of the information [26].

Conclusion
In this paper, the author narrates the previous research on white space, and finds that scholars mainly understand and study the white space from a broad perspective, and the research related to consumers is mainly focused on the presentation of websites. The reasons for the existence of white space are rarely analyzed from a psychological point of view. In addition to the areas described in this paper, which can be appropriately used, in the field of marketing, white space affects consumers' psychological perception, and then affects the judgment of products, such as product packaging, product picture presentation, advertising design and so on. In the design of product packaging, the proper use of white space can not only make consumers happy, but also improve consumers' awareness of brand, and then enhance consumers' love for products. In the online shopping situation, the product information is usually presented in the form of pictures, leaving a suitable white space between the image and the layout of the website can improve the consumer's imagination of the product and then increase the willingness to buy. The relative area of the product and white space in the picture can improve the consumer's evaluation of the product and make the consumer pay a higher price for the product. Here silence is better than sound, white space can also be widely used in three-dimensional space, such as store

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.