Preparation of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomers / Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanocomposites Possessing No Weight Loss Behavior in Nanocomposites Even after Calcination at 800 ̊C

Fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer [RF-(ACA)n-RF]/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanocomposites [RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN] were prepared by reaction of the corresponding oligomer with h-BN nanoparticles (mean diameter: 50 nm) under non-catalytic or alkaline conditions, respectively. Fluoroalkyl end-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites [RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN] were also obtained under similar conditions. It was demonstrated that RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, afforded a clear weight loss in proportion to the contents of the oligomer in the composites after calcination at 800 ̊C; however, the non-catalytic conditions enabled the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposite to give no weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of the oligomer even after calcination. In fact, it was demonstrated that the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing a clear weight loss property could afford the fluorescent peak around 370 nm related to h-BN in the composites; however, the same fluorescent intensity of this nanocomposite after calcination at 800 ̊C as that of the original h-BN was observed, indicating that this nanocomposite could give a clear weigh loss behavior corresponding to the content of the oligomer during the calcination process. In contrast, the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weigh loss behavior were found to exhibit the similar fluorescent intensity before and even after calcination at 800 ̊C, suggesting that the corresponding nanocomposites could provide no weight loss ability corresponding to the contents of How to cite this paper: Saengkaew, J., Ogasawara, T., Yamashita, K., Kongparakul, S. and Sawada, H. (2019) Preparation of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomers/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanocomposites Possessing No Weight Loss Behavior in Nanocomposites Even after Calcination at 800 ̊C. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 9, 72-98. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2019.92004 Received: February 5, 2019 Accepted: March 11, 2019 Published: March 14, 2019 Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Introduction
Inorganic/organic composites have attracted much attention owing to their exhibiting a large variety of extraordinary characteristics derived from the synergism among the properties of each individual material [1].A great interest has also been focused on the studies for the hybrid materials based on the composite reactions of organic polymers with inorganic nanoparticles [2] [3].
In these inorganic guest molecules, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticle is especially among the most promising inorganic nanomaterials in recent years [4]- [15].Their unique properties, including high mechanical stiffness, excellent thermal conductivity, excellent dimension stability, desirably low dielectric loss and constant, high temperature stability, high melting point, high corrosion resistance, and chemical inertness, suggest many potential applications in numerous fields [16]- [43].Therefore, there have been numerous reports on the development of the h-BN/organic polymer composites materials possessing such unique properties imparted by h-BN, especially excellent thermal conductivity [16]- [43], because h-BN can endow organic polymers with increased thermal conductivity, decreased coefficient of thermal expansion, and decreased dielectric loss, which cannot be achieved by the other inorganic fillers such as aluminum nitride and silicon carbide [44] [45].From the developmental viewpoints of new fluorinated functional materials, it is of particular interest to develop the novel fluorinated h-BN nanocomposites; however, such studies have been very limited except for some reports on the surface modification of Open Journal of Composite Materials h-BN with perfluorooctyl-triethoxysilane [46] [47], perfluorobutyric acid [48], poly (tetrafluoroethylene) [49], and preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/boron nitride nanosheet composite films [50].Heretofore, we have been comprehensively studying on the synthesis and applications on the ABA triblock-type two fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers (R F -(M) n -R F ; R F = fluoroalkyl groups; M = radical polymerizable hydrocarbon monomers) [51] [52] [53].These fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers can form the nanometer size-controlled self-assembled molecular aggregates through the aggregation of terminal fluoroalkyl segments in aqueous and organic media [54] [55] [56] [57].These fluorinated oligomeric aggregates can interact with a variety of inorganic guest molecules such as silica, titanium oxide, hydroxyapatite, gold, silver, copper, palladium, zinc oxide, magnetite, calcium carbonate, calcium silicide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and talc to afford the corresponding fluorinated oligomeric aggregates/guest molecules nanocomposites [58]- [79].In fact, fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomeric nanocomposites-encapsulated gold nanoparticles can provide linear arrays of these fluorinated nanocomposite particles to afford the extremely red-shifted plasmon absorption band at around 960 nm [73].Anatase titanium oxide nanoparticles (an-TiO 2 ) can be encapsulated into fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomeric nanoparticle cores to provide the corresponding fluorinated oligomer/an-TiO 2 nanocomposites, and crystalline structure of an-TiO 2 in the nanocomposites was found to keep completely its structure without phase transformation to rutile even after calcination at 1000˚C, although crystalline structure of the original an-TiO 2 nanoparticles suffered a complete phase transformation to the rutile under similar conditions [80] [81] [82].Thus, it is of particular interest to explore novel fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomeric nanocomposites by using h-BN inorganic fine particles as the guest molecule.Here, we report on the preparation and properties of novel fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomeric nanocomposites by using h-BN nanoparticles.Especially, we have found that fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer and N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer can interact with h-BN nanoparticles under non-catalytic or alkaline conditions to afford the corresponding oligomers/h-BN nanocomposites, respectively.Interestingly, the fluorinated oligomers/h-BN nanocomposites under non-catalytic conditions were found to give no weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of oligomers in the nanocomposites even after calcination at 800˚C.More interestingly, we have observed the similar fluorescent intensity related to the presence of h-BN in the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weigh loss behavior before and even after calcination at 800˚C.Fluoroalkylend-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, also afforded the similar no weight loss characteristic even after calcination.These results with the application to the surface modification of traditional organic polymers will be described in this article.Open Journal of Composite Materials

Measurements
Molecular weights of R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer and R F -(DMAA) n -R F oligomer were measured using a Shodex DS-4 (pump) and Shodex RI-71 (detecter) gel permeation chromatography (Tokyo, Japan) calibrated with polystyrene standard using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the eluent.Thermal analyses were recorded by raising the temperature around 800˚C (the heating rate: 10˚C/min) under atmospheric conditions by the use of Bruker axs TG-DTA2000SA differential thermobalance (Kanagawa, Japan).Size (number-average diameter (average hydrodynamic diameter)) of nanocomposites was measured by using Otsuka Electronics DLS-7000 HL (Tokyo, Japan).Field emission scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra were recorded by means of JEOL JSM-7000F (Tokyo, Japan).X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed by the use of MiniFlex 600 (Tokyo, Japan).Contact angles were measured using a Kyowa Interface Science Drop Master 300 (Saitama, Japan).Fluorescent spectra of the parent h-BN particles and the nanocomposites were obtained using a Shimadzu RF-5300 PC spectrophotometer.

Materials
h-BN nanoparticles (average particle size: 50 nm) were kindly supplied from Maruka Corp. Ltd.(Gifu, Japan).Acrylic acid and N,N-dimethylacrylamide were used as received from Toagosei Co. (Tokyo, Japan) and KJ Chemicals Co., Ltd.

1) Preparation of fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer
A typical procedure for the preparation of R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites is as follows: To methanol solution (12 ml) containing fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer [R F -(CH 2 CHCOOH) n -R F ; R F = CFCF 3 OC 3 F 7 : R F -(ACA) n -R F ] (100 mg) and h-BN nanoparticle powders (100 mg) was added 25% aqueous ammonia solution (5 ml).The mixture was stirred with a magnetic stirring bar at room temperature for 5 h.After the solvent was evaporated off, methanol was added to the obtained crude products.The methanol suspension thus obtained was stirred with magnetic stirring bar at room temperature for 1 day, and then was centrifuged for 30 min.The expected fluorinated oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites were easily separated from the methanol solution.
After centrifugal separation of this solution, the obtained product was dried in vacuum at 50˚C for 1 day to produce the fluorinated composite white colored powders (128 mg).In addition, the obtained supernatant solution was evaporated off under reduced pressure, and then dried in vacuum at 50˚C for 1 day to isolate the product (14 mg).Similarly, R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites Open Journal of Composite Materials were prepared under non-catalytic conditions (no use of ammonia).Fluoroalkylend-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites were also prepared under similar conditions.
2) Preparation of modified PMMA films treated with the The modified PMMA films were prepared by casting solutions of 1,2-dichloroethane (25 ml) containing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA: 990 mg) and the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (10 mg) on glass plate.The solvent was evaporated at room temperature and the films formed peeled off and dried at 50˚C for 24 h under vacuum to afford the transparent colorless modified PMMA films.The modified PMMA films treated with the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C and the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites before and after calcination at 800˚C were prepared under similar conditions.

Results and Discussion
Fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer [R F -(ACA) n -R F ] was found to interact with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticles under non-catalytic or alkaline conditions at room temperature to afford the corresponding R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN composites.Fluoroalkyl end-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN composites were also prepared under similar conditions.The results are shown in Scheme 1 and Table 1.
As shown in Scheme 1 and Table 1, the expected R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN composites and R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN composites were obtained in 30% -79% and 28% -62% isolated yields, respectively, as the precipitated products after centrifugal separation of the obtained composite methanol solutions.Each composite reaction illustrated in Table 1 can also give the composites products, which were derived from the supernatant methanol solutions, in 6 -186 mg and 39 -180 mg yields, respectively.The precipitated composite powders after centrifugal separation were shown to exhibit a good dispersibility in not only water but also traditional organic media such as methanol, ethanol, 1,2-dichlorooethane, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide.Thus, we have measured the size of these fluorinated h-BN composites in methanol at 25˚C, and the results are also shown in Table 1.Fluorinated composites in Table 1 were nanometer size-controlled very fine nanoparticles from 36 -129 nm (Runs 1 -4) and 17 -54 nm (Runs 5 -8).We have measured the field emission scanning electron micro-     particles (see Figure 2).Figure 1(B) shows that the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C are also similarly fine nanoparticles with mean diameter: 43 nm.In addition, the average particle sizes (60 and 43 nm) of the composites before and after calcination determined by FE-SEM measurements were similar to those (47 and 20 nm) of the DLS measurements, respectively.FE-SEM measurements also show that R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites before and after calcination at 800˚C can give very fine spherical nanoparticles with mean diameters: 25 nm (before calcination) and 55 nm (after calcination) (see Figure 3).The formation of such very fine nanocomposite particles (25 nm), compared to that (55 nm) of the parent h-BN nanoparticles would be due to the higher dispersive ability of the fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomer to produce the primary particles of h-BN in the nanocomposites.
We have studied on the XRD spectra of the obtained fluorinated nanocomposites in order to clarify the presence of h-BN in the composites.The results are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.The XRD spectra of the original R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer and R F -(DMAA) n -R F oligomer are also shown in Figure 6, for comparison.
As shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, we were unable to detect the sharp diffraction peaks related to the fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers in the nanocomposites due to the amorphous characteristics of these oligomers illustrated in   1) before (A) and after (B) calcination at 800˚C.  1) before (A) and after (B) calcination at 800˚C.Thus, we have studied on the TGA measurements of the product derived from the supernatant solution at the purification process for the preparation of R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 1) in order to verify the presence of the R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites as the expected composite reaction product in Scheme 1, and the results are shown in Figure 9.
For the composite reaction illustrated in   1) show that the contents of carbon decrease from 24.9% to 0% after calcination at 800˚C to exhibit a flammable characteristic toward the R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites; however, an effective decrease for the amount (4.2%) of carbon cannot be observed even after calcination (the content of carbon: 12.9%) in the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weight loss characteristic (Run 7 in Table 1).1). a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C. Figure 9. Thermogravimetric analysis of the product derived from the supernatant solution at the purification process for the preparation of the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 1).a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.Thus, we tried to measure the fluorescent spectra of the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 4 in Table 1) before and after calcination at 800˚C, and the results are shown in Figure 12.

Watanabe et al. previously reported that h-BN
As shown in Figure 12, the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites can afford the fluorescent peak around 370 nm when the well-dispersed nanocomposite methanol solutions were excited at 220 nm, and its fluorescent intensity shows that the content of the R F -(ACA) n -R F in the nanocomposites was estimated to be 76% based on the calibration curve illustrated in Figure 11.On the other hand, the fluorescent intensity of the corresponding nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C shows the content of the oligomer was estimated to be 3% under similar conditions, indicating that this nanocomposite can give a clear weigh loss behavior corresponding to the content of the oligomer during the calcination process.The R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weigh loss property (Run 8 in Table 1) were found to exhibit the similar fluorescent intensity before and even after calcination at 800˚C as shown in Figure 13.The contents of the R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer in the nanocomposites before and after calcination were estimated to be 35% and 39%, respectively, based on the calibration curve in Figure 11.From these findings, it was clarified that our preset R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, provide a usual weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of the oligomer in the composites during the calcination process.In contrast, the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, were found to supply no weight loss characteristic even after calcination at 800˚C.In this way, it was clarified that our present R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, can possess no weight loss ability corresponding to the contents of the oligomer in the composites even after calcination at 800˚C.Next, we tried to study on the thermal stability of the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites by using the TGA measurements, and the results are shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15.1).a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.
Unexpectedly, Figure 14 shows that the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, can give no weight loss behavior even after calcination at 800˚C, although the original R F -(DMAA) n -R F oligomer can provide a perfect weight loss at around 540˚C, quite different from that of the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites which were prepared under similar conditions illustrated in Figure 7.In addition, the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, enabled each nanocomposite to supply no weight loss behavior even after calcination at 800˚C (see Figure 15).In order to clarify the presence of the R F -(DMAA) n -R F oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14 in Table 1), the amounts of the R F -(DMAA) n -R F oligomer in the supernatants have been estimated to be 81 mg and 79 mg, respectively, by the use of the TGA measurements of the supernatants.Thus, each obtained nanocomposite should afford the simulated TGA curves, of whose weight loss at 800˚C are 28% [19 mg (100 mg (feed amount of oligomer) -81 mg)/68mg (precipitated nanocomposite yield) × 100] and 23% [21 mg (100 mg -79 mg)/92mg], respectively.However, the TGA curves related to the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14) reveal no weight loss in each case (see Figure 10 and Figure 11), indicating that the R F -(DMAA) n -R F oligomer can exhibit no weight loss behavior in the h-BN nanocomposites even after calcination at 800˚C.XRD spectra for the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14) were found to afford the same XRD diffraction patterns to that of the original h-BN nanoparticle, respectively (data not shown), suggesting the presence of the h-BN in the composites before and after calcination.
We previously reported that the surface arrangement of fluoroalkylsegments on the modified PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] surface owing to the creation of the oleophobic property imparted by fluorine can be achieved by using fluoroalkyl end-capped cooligomers [86].In fact, fluoroalkyl end-capped cooligomeric nanocomposite-encapsulated fullerenes were applied to the surface modification of PMMA to exhibit a good oleophobicity imparted by fluorine on the modified film surfaces [73].Thus, we tried to prepare the modified PMMA films treated with the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 3 and 7 in Table 1) and the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14 in Table 1) by casting method, and the results are depicted in Table 2.
Table 2 shows that each modified PMMA surface treated with the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 3 and 7) and the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14) can give an oleophobic property imparted by fluoroalkyl segments in the nanocomposites, because the dodecane contact angle values are 13 -14 degrees.In contrast, the reverse side affords not oleophobic but oleophilic characteristic (dodecane contact angle value: 0 degree) in each case, quite similar to that of the modified PMMA film treated with the pristine Table 2. Contact angles of dodecane on the modified PMMA film surface treated with the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 3 and 7 in Table 1) and the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14 in Table 1) before and after calcination at 800˚C*.
Contact angle (Degree) Before calcination Surface side 14 Reverse side 0 After calcination Surface side 0 Reverse side 0 Before calcination Surface side 14 Reverse side 0

After calcination Surface side 10
Reverse side 0 Before calcination Surface side 13 Reverse side 0 After calcination Surface side 14 Reverse side 0 Before calcination Surface side 13 Reverse side 0

Reverse side 0
Parent PMMA film Surface side 0 Reverse side 0 *The content of each nanocomposite based on PMMA is 1 wt%.**Used pristine h-BN nanoparticles and PMMA for the preparation of modified PMMA film are 10 mg and 990 mg, respectively.Open Journal of Composite Materials h-BN nanoparticles or the original PMMA film (the surface and reverse side are 0 degree, respectively).These findings suggest that the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites and the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites before calcination should be arranged regularly on the modified PMMA surface to exhibit the oleophobic characteristic imparted by fluoroalkyl segments in the nanocomposites.On the other hand, the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 3) after calcination were found to give not oleophobic but oleophilic characteristic on the modified surface, as well as that of the original PMMA film surface or the modified PMMA film treated with the h-BN nanoparticles, indicating that this nanocomposite can give the usual weight loss behavior during the calcination process.However, interestingly, it was demonstrated that the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 2) and R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14 in Table 2) after calcination can afford a good oleophobic property on the modified PMMA surface, because dodecane contact angle values are 10 -16 degrees as shown in Table 2.
It was previously reported that the similar fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylamidetype cooligomer possessing an antibacterial activity (see Chart 1) is applicable to Chart 1 the surfacemodification of PMMA to exhibit not only the surface antibacterial activity but also the oleophobic characteristic related to the fluoroalkyl segments in the cooligomer on the modified PMMA surface [86].In this case, the dodecane contact angle value on the modified PMMA film surface treated with this cooligomer (the content of cooligomer based on PMMA is the same to that (1 wt%) of the modified PMMA films treated with the nanocomposites illustrated in Table 2) is 10 degrees, although the dodecane contact angle value of the parent PMMA film surface is 0 degree [86].From this finding, the dodecane contact angle values from 10 to 16 degrees on the modified PMMA film surfaces treated with the present fluorinated oligomers/h-BN nanocomposites after calcination (Runs 7, 10 and 14 in Table 2) suggest strongly that the present fluorinated oligomers in the nanocomposites possessing no weight loss behavior should be arranged regularly on the modified PMMA film surface to exhibit an oleophobic characteristic on the surface.These findings suggest that such fluorinated h-BN nanocomposites should give no weight loss characteristic in the h-BN nanocomposites even after calcination to afford the oleophobic property imparted by fluoroalkyl segments in the oligomer on the modified PMMA surface.Especially, EDX spectra measurements of the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 14 in Table 1) also show the similar amounts of carbons before (6.5%) and after (16.5%) calcination of the nanocomposites as well as the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN Open Journal of Composite Materials nanocomposites [Run 7 in Table 1: amounts of carbons: before (4.2%) and after (12.9%) calcination], indicating that these fluorinated oligomers should provide no weight loss behavior even after calcination in the nanocomposite cores.
In this way, it was clarified that R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, can give a clear weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of the oligomer during the calcination process.In contrast, R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, were found to afford no weight loss behavior even after calcination at 800˚C.The edge planes of h-BN have functional groups such as hydroxy and amino groups.afford no weight loss even after calcination toward the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions.

Conclusion
Fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites [R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN], which were prepared under alkaline conditions, were found to give a clear weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of oligomer after calcination at 800˚C; however, R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites obtained from the non-catalytic conditions could give no weight loss behavior even after calcination at 800˚C.On the other hand, fluoroalkyl end-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites [R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN], which were prepared under alkaline or non-catalytic conditions, afforded no weight loss characteristic even after calcination at 800˚C, giving the quite similar TGA curve to that of the original h-BN nanoparticles.The R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites possessing a clear weight loss behavior were applied to the surface modification of PMMA film to exhibit the oleophobic property related to the fluoroalkyl groups on the modified surface.However, the corresponding nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C afforded an oleophilic property on the modified PMMA surface, quite similar to that of the original PMMA film surface, indicating that R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer could give a flammable characteristic during the calcination process.The modified PMMA film surfaces treated with the R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites obtained under alkaline or non-catalytic conditions can supply an oleophobic property related to the fluoroalkyl groups in the nanocomposites on the surfaces.More interestingly, the corresponding nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C can also provide a good oleophobic property on the modified PMMA surfaces.In this way, our present fluorinated oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weight loss behavior have high potential for the development of nonflammable fluorinated functional oligomeric materials into a wide variety of fields.
by dynamic light scattering measurements (DLS) in methanol at 25˚C; b) Yield (%) based on the oligomer and h-BN; c) Isolated product (mg) from the supernatant.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) images of well-dispersed methanol solutions of R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table1) before (A) and after (B) calcination at 800˚C.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. FE-SEM image of the parent h-BN particles in methanol solution.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.However, R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN and R F -(DMAA) n -R F / h-BN nanocomposites were found to afford the same diffraction peaks as those of the original h-BN nanoparticles, indicating the presence of h-BN in each fluorinated nanocomposite.To verify the presence of the R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites, we have studied on the thermal stability of the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 1 -4) presented inTable 1 by the use of the

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. FE-SEM images of well-dispersed methanol solutions of R F -(DMAA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 14 in Table1) before (A) and after (B) calcination at 800˚C.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.X-ray diffraction patterns of original R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer and R F -(DMAA) n -R F oligomer.

Figure 10 .Figure 10 .
Figure 10.In addition, the EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) spectra measurements of the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites possessing a clear weight loss behavior (Run 3 in Table1) show that the contents of carbon decrease from can exhibit the fluorescent characteristic through the excitation absorption around 215 nm[85].In fact, the simple blend hybrid powders of the R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomeric white colored powder and h-BN powder can emit fluorescence with a peak maximum at around 370 nm to create the calibration curve (correlation coefficient: r = 0.9941), when the blend hybrids methanol solutions are excited (λ = 220 nm) into the intense absorption bands in the UV-vis region as shown in Figure11.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.TGA curves of the parent h-BN nanoparticles, the parent R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer, the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table1), and the simulated TGA curve for the R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites isolated as the precipitated product.a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.

Table 1 (
Run 7), the expected R F -(ACA) n -R F /h-BN nanocomposites were obtained in 88 mg (44%) isolated yield as the precipitated product, and the supernatant solution at the purification process for the isolation of this nanocomposite afforded the white powdery product in 76 mg isolated yield.TGA curve related to this product reveals the 92% weight loss at 800˚C, indicating that the 70 mg (76 mg × 0.92) of R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer should be present in this product.Thus, the amount of R F -(ACA) n -R F oligomer in the expected nanocomposites is estimated to be 30 mg [100 mg (feed amount of the oligomer: Run 7 in Table1) -70 mg (the oligomer in the supernatant)] to afford the simulated TGA curve, of whose weight loss is 34% [(30 mg/88 mg) × 100] at 800˚C as shown in