Knowledge and Attitude of Pregnant Women toward Elective Cesarean Section in Saudi Arabia

Background: The rate of deliveries by cesarean section (CS) is increasing worldwide. An elective cesarean section (ECS) is a cesarean section carried with or without a medical reason, in some cases choice by pregnant women. The number of women demanding for delivery by elective cesarean section is increasing in Saudi Arabia. Although CS is the commonest major surgery performed in Obstetrics throughout the world; there are still concerns about the knowledge and attitude of Saudi Pregnant women towards it. Methods: The design of this study was a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional design. The study sample consisted of 206 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic during the third trimester, selected by convenience sampling method from Maternity and Children Hospital in Jeddah City in Saudi Arabia. Structured interview questionnaire was used in this study. Different statistical procedures were used for data analysis including percentages, mean, and mean percentages. Content validity and reliability were done. Results: The majorities (78.2%) of the pregnant women have adequate level of knowledge about ECS, 14.6% of them have moderate knowledge, and only 7.3% have inadequate knowledge. Also, 137 (66.5%) of pregnant women have negative attitude toward ECS, while 58 (28.2%) have positive attitude. Conclusion and recommendations: The study concluded that there was a good level of knowledge among pregnant women about ECS in most of the instrument questions in general; except in some areas such as the bad consequences of CS. On the other hand, the majority of the pregnant women had negative attitude toward ECS. Health care provider such as doctors, nurses and midwives should provide adequate knowledge to the pregnant women about consequence of cesarean section on the mother and child. Various intervenHow to cite this paper: Al Sulamy, A.A.-J., Yousuf, S.A. and Thabet, H.A. (2019) Knowledge and Attitude of Pregnant Women toward Elective Cesarean Section in Saudi Arabia. Open Journal of Nursing, 9, 199-208. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2019.92020 Received: January 18, 2019 Accepted: February 25, 2019 Published: February 28, 2019 Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access A. A.-J. Al Sulamy et al. DOI: 10.4236/ojn.2019.92020 200 Open Journal of Nursing tions are recommended to decline unnecessary cesarean section. These interventions need to contain changes in attitude and correcting misperceptions among pregnant women to cesarean section and normal delivery during the prenatal period.


Introduction
Cesarean section is the most common obstetrical operation worldwide [1].The World Health Organization (2015) specified that 15% is the rate considered acceptable for delivery by CS in each country since 1985.However, there is no evidence displaying the benefits of cesarean delivery for women or infant who does not require the procedure [2].The number of women requesting for delivery by elective cesarean section is increasing global [2] [3] [4].The rate of the cesarean section also increased in Saudi Arabia, in Jeddah city the rate of CS reached 26.3% [5].
Elective Cesarean Section is executed in relation to the obstetrical or medical reasons [6] or requested by the pregnant women without any medical reasons [7].Cesarean section is major surgery and can cause complications to pregnant women when compared to normal vaginal birth [8].The common complications are hemorrhage, uterus and urinary tract, infection of the wound, and abdominal organ injury [9].Moreover, the progress of recovery takes longer than vaginal delivery [10].In addition, CS can cause complications to the newborn such as respiratory distresses, birth trauma and hypoglycemia [11].
Zhao and Chen (2013) stated that the rate of deliveries by ECS is increasing in different parts of the world, due to progression in the medical profession; changing the outlook of the society regarding ECS and perceptions of ECS is the safest method of delivery; pregnant women favored ECS.Studies revealed that pregnant women performed ECS in the absence of any medical indication [7].The reasoning behind this practice is psychological reasons such as the fear of normal delivery or had previous bad experience with the delivery and the influence of other such as husband, family, physician, and friends [12].Moreover, the women feel that they have better care with ECS in a hospital [13].Additionally, some of the husbands, relatives of the pregnant women and pregnant women select an elective cesarean section to deliver a child at a particular date and time in some culture [10].
Furthermore, some of the pregnant women described their positive attitude to CS as less pain than vaginal delivery and safer [14], also, to avoid delivery pain, and worrying about the influence of vaginal delivery on future sex life women prefer ECS [14] [15].
This study on the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women about elective cesarean deliveries might help to define strategies for decreasing cesarean delivery rates.This study would also contribute to and improve knowledge to the healthcare providers, such as nurses, midwives, and obstetricians in relation to ECS.It would also assist the healthcare providers to develop educational program material to support women going for ECS.Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of the pregnant women regarding elective cesarean section in Maternity and Children Hospital in Jeddah City.

Materials and Methods
The study adopted a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design.The target population of this study consisted of the pregnant women who came to the antenatal clinic during the third trimester in Maternity and Children Hospital in Jeddah City.The convenience sampling method was used.The study sample was calculated using the formula (Robert Mason), the calculated sample was 206 pregnant woman, all of the pregnant women responded to the study questionnaire.The study instrument included a structured interview questionnaire.It includes three parts.Part one consists of two sections; Section one concerns data on socio-demographic characteristics of the pregnant women.Section two consisted of obstetric history.Part two consists of six questions related to knowledge about cesarean section with "yes" or "no" answer, the maximum score is (6), and the lowest score is (0) "one point for each".Part three consists of 12 questions related to attitude toward elective cesarean section on a Likert scale (Strongly Disagree = 1, Disagree = 2, Neutral = 3, Agree = 4, and Strongly Agree = 5), the maximum score is (60), and the lowest score is (12).Some of the questions have negatively worded.Content validity was done by the researcher.Statistical methods that have been used include descriptive statistics, such as mean, standard deviation, and mean percentages.

Ethical Considerations
The researcher was committed to all ethical considerations required to conduct this study, ethical approval was obtained from King Abdulaziz University, Ministry of Health and Maternity and Children Hospital in Jeddah City.More importantly, informed consent was obtained from all pregnant women to fill up the questionnaire.

Results
Regarding demographic and personal characteristics of the pregnant women, 128 (62.1%) of pregnant women was 25 to less than 34 years old.Where about 51 (24.8) was 35 or more years old and only 27 (13.1%) of the pregnant women was less than 25 years old.Also, more than half 119 (57.8%) have a university degree, 66 (32.0%) of the pregnant women have a secondary school and 16 (7.8%) of them have a primary school.Additionally, 143 (69.4%) of the pregnant women are housewives, and 42 (20.4%) of them are employees (Table 1).Regarding the reproductive history of the pregnant women, 94 (45.6%) of the pregnant women are have had 2 -3 times pregnancy, while 56 (27.2%) were pregnant for the first time.Also, 72 (35.0%) of pregnant women have 2 -3 deliveries, and 56 (27.2%) do not have any deliveries.Additionally, 134 (65.0%) of the pregnant women have not experienced abortion, and 51 (24.8%) of them have a history of abortion for one time.On the other hand, the mode of last delivery for 42.2% of the study participants was by the normal vaginal method, while 29.6% of them were by Cesarean section (Table 2).

Knowledge of Pregnant Women about Elective Cesarean Section
The total mean score of pregnant women's knowledge about ECS is 5.04 out of 6 with a mean percentage of 84.0%.The vast majority (98.5%) of women heard about CS.Also, 90.3% of them know that Cesarean section needs a blood transfusion in some cases.Moreover, 94.2% of women knew that CS saves the life of the newborn (Table 3).

Attitude of Pregnant Women about Elective Cesarean Section
The results showed that the higher mean score of attitude items is that "I can define the exact time of my delivery", with a mean score percentage of 66.8%.The lowest one is "I will be more valuable for my husband, if the delivery costs more", with a mean score percentage of 43.6%.The total mean score of pregnant women's attitude about elective cesarean section is 33.23 out of 60 with a mean percentage of 55.38% (Table 4).

Discussion
Regarding the results of knowledge of pregnant women about ECS, the study results are nearly consistent with some results of Ashimi et al. (2013), in which it revealed that 93.8% of the study participants in Nigeria heard about CS [16].In the current study, participants knowledge regarding blood transfusion was highest than what has been revealed by the study of Ashimi et al. (2013) which revealed that 86.4% of them were aware that blood may be required for the procedure [16].On the other hand, the current study result revealed that 82.5% of the pregnant women knew that vaginal delivery was possible after a cesarean section [16]; this result is consistent with the result obtained by the study of Ashimi et al. (2013) which revealed that 94.4% of the pregnant women knew that vaginal delivery was possible after a cesarean section [16].If we have a look at    [16].Moreover, the current study results are not consistent with the results of Shahraki-Sanavi et al. (2012) which revealed that the total mean percentage of women's knowledge regarding CS is 68.78% [17].
The inconsistency between some of the current study results and the results of This could be attributed to the nature of the knowledge scale which was used in the current study and the scale which was used in that study, the differences in the classifications of knowledge affect the percentage included in each classification; thus could have differences in the total score and the percentage of pregnant women for each knowledge class.
More importantly, the total level of women's knowledge score in the current study is good.This could be attributed to the percentage of women in this study who have a university education, in which more than half of them have a university education.Also, it could be attributed to the fact that there is an information revolution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; including health-related information, in which the available internet sources nowadays are rich of medical information, in addition to the experiences obtained by the mothers from their relatives and/or their friends regarding ECS, all of these factors can play important role in this regard.
Regarding the results of the attitude of pregnant women about ECS, the total mean percentage of pregnant women's attitude about ECS is 55.38%.Also, 66.5% of pregnant women in the current study have negative attitude toward ECS selection, while 28.2% have a positive one.The total mean of attitude in this is nearly consistent with the mean of the attitude of the study of Le (2016) in Vietnam which revealed that mean score of the attitude about ECS was 8.42 out of 14 with mean percentage 60.14% which was considered as a moderate level.Moreover, the results of this study is consistent with the results of Yamasmit and Chaithongwongwatthana (2012) in Thailand which revealed that most (87.5%) of the pregnant women preferred vaginal delivery [15].On the other hand, the current study results are consistent with the results of Shahraki-Sanavi et al. (2014) which revealed that 44.0% of pregnant women had positive attitude towards vaginal delivery, and most of the pregnant women have negative attitude toward CS.Moreover, the results of Kamal (2013) in Bangladesh revealed that pregnant women have positive attitude toward ECS which is not consistent with the current study results [18].On the other hand, the current study results are not consistent with the results of Otogara et al. (2018) in Iran which showed that 84.0% of pregnant women had planned to have a natural delivery, compared to 60.2% within the present study [19].The inconsistency between the current study results and the above studies could be attributed to the type, characteristics, and the culture of participants included in the studies.In general, attitude reflects the culture of the individual, and the attitude of the pregnant mothers toward CS might depend on their thoughts and feelings; fear also can play the role in determining the attitude.
If we have a look at the above results regarding the knowledge toward CS, we could find that the majority of knowledge score of the pregnant women is adequate.On the other hand, the score of attitude is negative among the majority, meaning that the knowledge is not a determinant of attitude in the current study, the women who have been included in the current study could have fear from being engaged in surgical operation like CS even if they have good knowledge score, they just are thinking about the procedure as a surgical one, not from their information background.More importantly, the current study results showed that 39.8% of pregnant women have the intention to give birth by CS. while the others (60.2%) have the intention to give birth by normal vaginal deli-DOI: 10.4236/ojn.2019.92020207 Open Journal of Nursing very, meaning that their attitudes toward CS are not positive.

Conclusion and Recommendations
The study concluded that there was a good level of knowledge among pregnant women regarding ECS in most of the instrument questions in general; except in some areas such as the bad consequences of CS.On the other hand, the majority of the pregnant women had negative attitude toward ECS.Health care provider such as doctors, nurses and midwives should provide adequate knowledge to pregnant women about the consequence of CS on the mother and the child.
Ashimi et al. (2013) and the results of Shahraki-Sanavi et al. (2012) could be attributed to the differences in the sample size, and the educational level as well as the experiences of the pregnant women who have been included in this study which is different from what has been included in the study of Ashimi et al., and this what has been proved by the Ashimi et al. since the most of the mothers who has been surveyed were not educated and were unemployed, thus this issue can affect the knowledge.Moreover, the personal characteristics of the women included in this study may be different from what has been included in the study of Ashimi et al. (2013).On the other hand, the current study results are not also consistent with the results of Ghotbi et al. (2014) in Iran which revealed that 6.5% of the mothers have good knowledge and 55.6% of them have a poor level.

(
2012) in Iran which revealed that the majority of women's attitude toward elective CS was intermediate.The present study results are not consistent with the results of Ghotbi et al.
Various interventions are recommended to decline unnecessary cesarean section.These interventions need to contain changes in attitude and correcting misperceptions among pregnant women to cesarean section and normal delivery during the prenatal period.

Table 5
shows that the majorities (78.2%) of the pregnant women have adequate level of knowledge about ECS, 14.6% of them have moderate knowledge, and only 7.3% have inadequate knowledge.Also, 137 (66.5%) of pregnant women have negative attitude toward ECS, while 58 (28.2%) have positive attitude.

Table 1 .
Sample distribution according to age groups, level of education, and job of study participants (n = 206).

Table 2 .
Sample distribution according to gravidity, parity, and mode of last delivery (n = 206).

Table 3 .
Knowledge of pregnant women about elective cesarean section.

Table 4 .
Attitude of pregnant women about elective cesarean section.

Table 5 .
Classifications of pregnant women's knowledge and attitude about elective cesarean section.
1The maximum score is 6 (100.0%).2Themaximumscore is 60 (100.0%).thetotal knowledge score in the current study, we could find that 78.2% of the pregnant women have adequate level of knowledge and 7.3% have inadequate knowledge; these results are not consistent with the results of Ashimi et al., in which their study revealed that 59.1% of the pregnant women have adequate knowledge and 40.9% of them have adequate level