Practical Techniques for Restoration of Architectural Formation Elements in Historical Buildings

Restoration of architectural formation elements is basically trying in estimating the optimization method which places it old architectural artist in his work. The article aims at rooting the methodology of restoration of the architectural formation elements. It is essentially intellectual effort by the restorer in assessing the best way the artist and the old architect in his work. In order to reach the purpose behind this works and analyze the original available techniques in the creation period, the restoration process can be completed as fully as possible. The research is concerned with re-confidence in the classical methods in the restoration of buildings as consolidation and reconstruction. The classical method is a real way to restore the building to its original form especially in the availability of all technological tools to achieve reporting and documentation. It is not necessary to extension in using unapplied materials and technique. In this regard, the research was able to provide solutions, ideas and techniques that helped preserve and restore elements of architectural formation. The research also pointed to the importance of linking the physical and plastic aspects of the archaeological element.


Introduction
Formation included any process whose performance depends on a set of elements in a specific organizational relationship to control the composition of these elements. The variation of form existed to distinguish the formation product. Therefore the human mind can be associated this form with unique quali-ties. Is it process that regulated the relationships between the elements, vocabulary and means of formation in order to achieve the beauty and harmony? It is concerned with perfect relationships and compatibility between elements. The restoration of architectural elements is basically attempt and mentality dialogue in choosing the best way that the historical architect. Artist and builder are followed to create and construct this mixture of architecture elements as an example; the color, the shape, the formation of the unit. The purpose of the dialogue is to reach to the old picture of the original element. In addition, dissection and analysis in the historical building structure are to recognize all the structure and architecture features, and the role of each feature in the building life, structure, architecture and artistic value. In this field there are many applications carried out by specialists; Alalfy [1] presented the development of procedures for the restoration of buildings according to the state of damage and deterioration through the following classification; Quick process includes the work of steel and reinforcement is temporary to prevent collapse, and urgent process to stop the deterioration such as cracks in the walls or the dismantling of the ceilings.
periodic maintenance and cleaning, and repairs. The work of monitoring is before and after the implementation of rehabilitation and rehabilitation projects.
In 1936, Giovann [2] had identified four types of restoration; restoration by consolidation, restoration by decomposition "anastylesis", restoration by liberation, restoration by completion or renovation. Sherif, Murad and Ashraf [3] applied the technique of mathematical modeling to the study of the structural stability of the archaeological buildings under the influence of different loads, both vertical and horizontal, and they created two models of the minjuk al-Yusufi as a Mamluk model and the minaret of al-Husayni as a model of the Ottoman minaret. Croci [4] also has the idea of packing the serious cracks in the minaret with Tie bars or cables made of stainless steel, which has the suitable flexibility, during the restoration of Hassan Pasha Taher's minaret. Mahran [5] presented a completely application model for the works of disassembly, reconstruction including unique formation elements. Abdel Tawab and Mahran [6] also presented their applied experiments in cleaning the formation elements of the stone facades of the Sabil Shaheen Agha and the restoration of the Mural stucco at the Ulmass El Hajib [7] mausoleum in Cairo.

Architectural Formation & Sculpture
Structural provisions or training engineering to form represents an abstract level to build the physical image of article scrapes phenomenon to reflect the integration of a set of plastic between the components and elements of the laws. The characterization of the degree of harmony and complementarity and integration between the structural relations governing the structure of the product specified in formulating specific production conditions, this type of aesthetics deals with shapes and formations as a goal in it, beside to attention to the function and its content. A detective aesthetics required which we can define this in utility, dura-

Restorer Tools for Restoration Formed Elements (Figure 1)
■ Read the item.
■ Cluster analysis of sculpture.
■ Follow the formative lines and its duplicates.
■ Shop drawing in suitable scale.
■ Installation of formative pieces.

Restoration by Architectural Simulation and Reforming of Structural Elements
The simulation work must be realized for the congruence relationship of the archaeological building relating to the sculpture, construction and composition by physical simulation using the same methods of construction, materials and elements with a dimension. Therefore, the work is still closer to what we call structural sculpture which requires precision and professionalism in the industry where these delicate works need to work more accurate restoration works such as the re-sculpting stalactites architectural element located in the transition areas of the dome from the inside as well as leading the entrances of buildings. The reconstruction of Al-Bayt (Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah peace be upon him) mosques in Cairo is one of the most important examples of this Figure 2. ■ The Zinbee Mosque The mosque is located in the square of Sayeda Zeinab in the district named after its name and the mosque has three expansions.
-The first expansion was carried out in the forties of the twentieth century on the same architectural style.
-The second expansion took place in the sixties of the twentieth century and was characterized by the addition of three entrances on Al Sadd Street.
-The third expansion took place at the end of the 20 th century and the beginning of the new millennium. The expansion included the northern part of the original mosque overlooking the Al Sadd Street and the original mosque, which is the expansion that will identify the most important architectural and formation features.

Restoration by Stitching
Damage and collapse have when all structural element acting independently then the aim of stitching is returned to the building a minimum of structural continuity and we can be considered location and direction of cracks directory path fastening, according to the specifications of the building [8].

Mechanical Stitching
Stitching and rebounding of cracks and flacking by mechanical methods using steel beams treatment by anti-corrosion according to structural calculations. As for the restoration of deformation in arches, it is often seen in stones or keystones, without determine the cause and treatment source of collapse or ensure no continuity and not repeat it again. The treatment doesn't useful, because the problem is constant, whether collapse in foundations or increase in weight. The process starts with secure the landing area with the work of the wooden and iron wrenches. Second push the stones in a direction perpendicular to the arch by the oil compressor to return the stone to its original position, also can using the hand lift to press the piece of stone and return to its original position. Third transplanting collection of wood beams in the cracks gap to make pressure and fill the gap between the two sides of the neighboring stones. Fourth using fillers lime and sand with adding 10% white cement, finally finishing and repointing, as shown in Figure 3.

Chemical Stitching
The adhesion is done using some chemical adhesives, which are homogeneous with the properties of the original building materials. Repairs should start from the lower levels according to the following steps: -Open the cracks with diamond disks from both sides and clean the cracks with compressed air to remove all dust.
-Closing the remaining part of the crack with the same repair material but with a bigger percentage of bonding material to keep the injected material inside.
-Inject the repair materials with sufficient pressure to fill all the crack width along the thickness of the walls to assure full penetration [9].
-Materials used in the repair in each location must be include the same type of stones or bricks and the same chemical composition but will be mixed together with a suitable bonding agent Sika latex or add bond in order to bond more with the original material surrounding it.

Restoration by Injection
Injection of the internal filler under pressure to strengthen the walls, the process

Restoration by Reconstruction
It is in terms of architecture and structure, all the work directed to the destroyed and collapsed, whether it is just a break-up, fragmentation, partial demolition or even total destruction, with a purpose to reconstructing the structural and architectural configuration of the archaeological building.
The domes have a large lateral propulsion force at the center point, moved to the walls on which these domes based by their own weight. The domes are usually composed of a compact stone structure. These stone blocks form one integral element. Because the stone has high resistance to the pressure forces, in the reconstruction process, any potential tension or stresses on the various dome sections of the dome must be avoided. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the reinforcement and tethering of the dome to resist horizontal forces ( Figure 5).

Restoration by Disassembly & Reassembly
Reconstructing and assembling the architectural formation elements, since the original elements are present, although they are scattered, using the elements of the old building without any additions in the process of re-assembling and assembling all the pieces that can be it stabilizes in place.  Arches are the bearing elements that distributed the loads from the ceiling to columns and side-bearing walls until it reached to the bearing soil. This process depended on the arches geometry and shape to resist the pressure and stress ( Figure 6).

Restoration by Reinforcement with Back Support Holder
Technology is achieved by the access to the backgrounds of mural painting and -A thin layer of polyester was made without reinforcing with thickness 2 cm.
-Another layer of polystyrene Reinforcement with fiberglass of 1 cm.
-Galvanized tees iron bars of 8 mm diameter are placed in the middle of area.
-Final layer of the support is then followed by the use of polyester. The end thickness of the holder is 5 cm, reinforced with fiberglass, from which the load points are transferred and the loads are distributed to the new steel beams which will be used recently in the reinforcement.

Restoration by Rebalancing Tendencies
Most vertical elements facing danger of tendencies, especially when they suffer from lateral load pressures such as earthquakes and vibrations. Especially columns are the bearing elements in the various archaeological buildings, on which the ceilings and arches based in. When reconstructing, the balance of these columns must be adjusted based on special instruments as the level instrument, total station, and theodolite. The axis of the pressure forces as the central pressure forces are the main loads applied to these columns, to make sure that stresses are within the allowed values. It is also possible to take advantage of the process of reconstructing and balance columns to adjust or change the wooden pillow, which are usually a middle stage between the arches bottom and the capital of the column, for the importance of its structural role in the reduction of loads and absorption of vibrations ( Figure 8).

Restoration by Stabilize Tendencies
In some cases, it is not possible dismantling buildings that suffer from tendencies, especially in the case of brick minarets, therefore, the current case (Esna Minaret) which is a consider composite formation element. The restoration plan is constructed following primary procedures; Monitoring in all directions at different heights, monitoring its stability, determining the seriousness of the tendencies based on the value of the tendencies for the height and thickness of the wall and the movement and stability of this tendency [10].  The minaret is about 25 meters height. There were many reasons for the damage minaret, such as the soil under the minaret, as well as the high level of ground water under the foundations, in addition to the horizontal loads that were exposed to the minaret in the impact of earthquakes, especially the earthquake of October 1992, as well as the location of the minaret in center town of public area. The studies for diagnostic of the current situation were prepared before starting of restoration project to determine the practical method for the reinforcement and restoration, which included the structural and architectural restoration works.
Mechanical damage of minaret with the impact of horizontal loads When the walls are faced horizontal loads, it has a sideways displacement, and this displacement is the result of curvature and cutting, behavior of the walls under the load of horizontal pressure has three different main types: -Flexural mode: is the most important manifestation is the presence of horizontal cracks in the tensile area, and these cracks is a separation between the mortar and brick as a result of vertical stress on the horizontal mortar, and the presence of brick fractures in the pressure zone due to increased pressure, and also when the wall resistance of the shearing is high [11].
-Shear mode: this behavior is generated when the height of the wall is equal to or less than its width and resistance to the wall for cutting is weak; this results in axial and horizontal cracks. o Due to poor drainage; if water is allowed to "pool" next to minaret due to poor soil level, clogged gutters or some other factor, soft clay soils around the foundation will absorb the water, they will soften more. This can cause to deformation of the foundation. ■ Remodeling the original shape of the openings.
■ Restoration of the decoration elements on the exterior minaret.

Restoration by Completion
The completion of archaeological buildings in its missing parts is one of the most important processes in the field of restoration [12]. It is one of the tools of reconstruction therefore return all element details means to have a clear picture of its original state by the respect the original components and materials, because of the achievements of these operations to obtain the continuity of archaeological building, with its construction, architectural and decorative details ( Figure 10).

Restoration by Replacement
The restoration work directed at the elements that still exist but have completely

Restoration by Casting
Copying process of the valuable element to take advantage of its aesthetic value to create an integrated composition without missing is used in case of damaged and decomposed elements and replaces the copy element in its original place [13]. This technique is very important especially in cases where the damaged formative element covers the structural elements that must be reached and reinforcement to avoid the collapse of the building. This case, which was represented  reproduction of the dome and reconstruction of the copy in the original place ( Figure 12).

Restoration by Cleaning
The removal of the stains is not only a means of cleaning, but a means of preserving, treating the effect or to prevent the decomposition of the effect of decay.
In addition it is a means to maintain the permanence and stability of the impact material ( Figure 13).

Restoration by Reinforcement Using Iron Bonds
The reinforcement processes are great importance, accuracy and privacy in the field of archaeological application. This is due to the fact that it deals with the structure of the surface and interior effect [14], which requires careful care to prevent the internal distortion of the structure of the archaeological material ( Figure 14).

Restoration by Show Hidden Decorations
Restoration by show hidden decorations under new coatings is based on respect for the original material and its original design (Authenticity), and removal of additional elements, which have distorted or hide the old character of the building ( Figure 15).

Conclusion and Recommendation
Architect reacts with the structural unit not only from the point of view of structural efficiency but also showing and deliver architectural language. Architecture itself is the art of forming blocks, in addition to the shape and texture of surfaces, colors, scale, construction and changing lighting. Architecture represented in the creation of contradictory and integrated elements, to produce an architectural art, which achieved creativity and express the environment and age. The aesthetic and morphological effects are unavoidable, from the complexities of the concept of restoration, and there is no philosophy of restoration that can be applied in all cases of all ages and in all places. Rather, it is necessary to select the appropriate vision and philosophy of restoration for each individual effect, which takes into consideration all the historical, archaeological and aesthetic conditions surrounding this effect, and in the case of studying the possibility of   is under the influence of natural and non-natural factors and availability of materials. The search provided number of practical different techniques through which it is possible to remove the damage of the architectural formations of the archeological buildings and their restoration, as restoration by architectural simulation when the necessity of the horizontal or vertical extension of the building is for the purpose of developing their functions or restoration by completing the missing elements, especially as it represents a weakness in the structural composition of elements and restoration by replacing the elements that still exist but have lost their ability to carry out their essential functions, and restoration by casting and copying of the elements that must be removed for the restoration of the structural elements below and the restoration by the addition of back support of the decorative ceilings, and by restoring the structural balance of the elements that suffer from tendencies such as columns and minarets or restoration by Stitching through added elements as wood and iron, as well as the restoration by applying injection technology for internal fillings in the thickness of the walls and also the restoration by cleaning to show hidden features.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.