Creativity in Education: Teaching for Creativity Development

Creativity is essential to innovation, novelty, and sustenance. This research involves the study of creativity in education, specifically through the training of teachers and future teachers to apply theories of creativity in instructional design. Teacher Education students were exposed to creativity theory and conditioned to apply theory in developing learner creativity in lesson and project design. Creativity theories were included in an online course in cognition and critical thinking in education as foundational psychological frameworks to apply in educational practice and in the design of creative activity in the course. Participants studied and applied creativity frameworks in instruction and learning design in the form of lessons and projects. Lesson Designs were full-length lessons with applications of creativity theory. Project Designs were group projects incorporating creativity theory into an educational resource. Uses of creativity theory in lessons and projects were analyzed for understanding and application of theory.


Introduction
Creativity is necessary to inventive thinking in any domain, and underappreciated in many formal educational environments.All solution making and construction require creative thinking.Yet, almost no schools teach for creativity or train teachers to teach for creativity.The following study explores the value of creativity in educational design in teacher training, and is part of a sequence of studies investigating critical thinking in education.The research was embedded in an online course in critical thinking in teaching and learning in a California school of education.Creativity theories were examined for their utility in educa-D.E. Kaplan DOI: 10.4236/psych.2019.102012 141 Psychology tion and applied in the design of creation activities integrated into the course.A previous paper (Kaplan, 2017) describes the course.Included in the course were frameworks guiding design, critical thinking content, construction based assignments intended to engage use of theory in design, and collaborative communication.Course skill and learning outcomes include critiquing creativity theories in teaching and learning and applying theories in education.
While there are incredible signs of remarkable creation, there is also evidence everywhere we are in need of creativity development.It has been suggested there is a crisis in creativity thinking, with a decrease in creativity thinking scores (Kim, 2011), suggesting a need for creativity in education.There has been much discourse over creativity in educational institutions internationally (Hall, 2010;Wise & Ferrara, 2015).Sternberg, 1996, 2006, Sternberg & Grigorenko, 2003, discuss the nature of creativity and its importance in intelligence.Jausovec and Jausovec (2011) examine the brain and creativity in education.Creativity theorists have advocated for teaching for creativity at all levels of education and training (Werry, 1949;Antonietti, Colombo, & Pizzingrilli, 2011;Griffiths, 2014;Shaheen, 2010;Brundrett, 2007), including in the design of educational learning environments (Davies, Jindal-Snape, Collier, Digby, Hay, & Howe, 2013;Richardson & Mishra, 2018).Lindstrom (2006) questions and considers how we can assess creativity.Craft (2001) and Spendlove (2008)

Instruments and Procedure
This study was inside of a sequence of readings and assignments and primarily

Analysis
Student constructions were analyzed for creativity theory understanding and referencing and application of creativity theory in education.Referencing to theory and application of theory in lesson design were counted and analyzed for quality of design.Projects were analyzed for theory referencing and application in project design.Types of application of theory were reviewed in lessons and projects.

Intelligence and Creativity Module
Creativity research, resources, and assignments were designed into Module 7 of an 8 Module Term.Module 7 is a unit on intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity in critical thinking.The goal of the module is to provide an overview of intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity theories.Learning objectives include analyzing ideologies of intelligence and determining how to effectively apply the ideologies of intelligence in lesson plans and project designs.
The components of all Modules and Module 7 are described in a previous paper (Kaplan, 2017).Module 7 is also described below.
The module is made up of readings, forums, and assignments.Readings include Sternberg and Grigorenko (2003), Goleman (1996), Cherry (2016), Sternberg (1996, 2006), and Gardner (1995).Readings present foundational theories in Intelligence, Emotion, and Creativity.Assignments include brainstorming in project groups over how to incorporate intelligence and creativity theories into project design, researching technology for project, selecting insights from intelligence and creativity theorists and incorporating into lessons designed in previous assignments, and providing meaningful feedback to classmates' lesson designs.The Module 7 lesson prompt is described in the Instrument and Procedure section, as is the final project prompt.

Applications in Lesson Designs
Participants embedded creativity into lesson designs in a multitude of thoughtful A lesson on language learning was designed to represent language and culture through a creative artifact.
In a 9 th -12 th meiosis mitosis Science lesson, creativity was applied by production and viewing of a video and by including bodily kinesthetic physical acting out of the process with verbal and nonverbal information incorporated.A 4 th grade history lesson on WWII and Japanese culture included an option to choose your own adventure through the material.An Algebra lesson was designed for students to work to creatively graph and find creative solutions in Algebra.A 6 th grade lesson on the number system was designed to support dynamic thinking through collaborative idea exchange and asking questions with more than one way of answering.A 10 th grade Algebra lesson encouraged collaborative pair share and independent work building upon past work.
A 9 th -12 th grade Physical Education circuit training class supported pursuing ideas that are unknown or out of favor but have potential and persisting in resistance against the grain.Video with visual and audio instruction is employed to creatively present material in an 8 th grade Geometry lesson.One lesson in 11 th grade literature incorporated learning about issues and concepts that morph or creatively expand thinking such as transcendentalism.A 7 th -8 th grade ESL lesson involved creatively learning vowel sounds through music and song.A 9 th -12 th grade special education lesson designed a sharing environment to encourage creativity through sharing.A physical education lesson incorporated design of a creative fitness plan.
Table 2. Reference and application of theory in lesson designs.

Reference and Application of Theory in Lesson Designs 21
Table 2 shows a number count for whether Creativity theories were referenced and applied in Lesson Designs out of twenty one participants.

Applications in Project Designs
Participants included creativity in project designs in a range of applications.One project design involved designing a bar graph in a math lesson.A project on decoding messages in the media involved exploration of political activism through media and art.An adjective game for middle school students engaged students in identifying adjectives that describe images.One project on healthy eating asked students to create nutrition labels on healthy food.In a project on world travel, networking, and communication in language learning, creativity is consi- In an emergency in athletic training unit, designed to know how to save an athlete's life, creativity is suggested to be applied by providing information in a different way and new options for student expression.In a unit plan designed for alternative assessment, creativity is considered in encouraging creative assessments with more creative ways to show mastery.In a project on physical fitness, creative intelligence is exercised by encouraging students to create exercise plans.
Table 3. Reference and application of theory in project designs.

Reference and Application of Theories of Emotional Intelligence
Reference and Application of Theory in Project Designs 21 Table 3 shows a number count for whether Creativity theories were referenced and applied in Project Designs out of twenty one participants.

Conclusion
Creativity is fundamental to human thought development and survival.Creativity theories are important in supporting instruction and learning, and elevation of teacher understanding and learning design.This course was successful in inspiring teacher candidates to analyze and apply creativity theory to instruction.
Upon reading theories in creativity, teacher education candidates referenced and applied theories in creative ways to develop creativity in study and learning in lesson designs and final projects.Some applications of creativity theory which arose as beneficial to teaching, included employing open assignments, building upon past knowledge in the development of new experiences, creating and/or investigating an artifact, such as creating study skills resources, presentations, media messages, and cultural artifacts, encouraging dynamic thinking through varying scenarios, showcasing multiple solutions, and considering mind expan- consisted of two assignments: a weekly module focused on creativity and intelligence in the 7 th module of an 8 module term, and a final project incorporating all theory covered throughout the course, including creativity application.The study instruments were part of an online course in critical thinking in an Intelligence and Creativity Module.Instruments included creativity readings and assignments made up of lesson design and project activities.Lesson designs required selection of a topic to teach based upon State Standards with a design incorporating the reading.Project designs were culminating group or individual work incorporating creativity theory into projects.The weekly module creativity lesson design prompt stated: Select three-to five-insights from the principles of intelligence and creativity.Incorporate these insights into one of the following: Your Psychology & Cognition Lesson Plan from Week One, A revised Psychology & Cognition Lesson plan from previous weeks, or a new lesson plan that could be used to support your Unit Plan assignment.Support your lesson plan design with suggestions from the readings this week.Submit your lesson plan to the Intelligence & Creativity Lesson Plan assignment submission forum by Friday.The final project design prompt stated: Imagine there is a school-wide goal to integrate critical thinking in teaching and learning in the classroom.Create an instructional website covering a specified unit of instruction for students, administrators, and parents at the grade level(s) of your shared interest, on the topic of your shared interest, incorporating learned theories and applications.Incorporate or provide resources and support for the studied elements in your Unit Plan: Psychology and cognition, Behaviorist theories, Constructivism and Piagetian theories, Vygotsky's and Bruner's theories, Learning theory and social cognitive theory, Cognitive and metacognitive development, Intelligence and creativity.Write a 1200-to 1500-word paper that describes how each of the above elements was incorporated into your Critical Thinking Unit Plan.Include references to course readings.Create a 2-to 3-minute narrated and animated D. E. Kaplan DOI: 10.4236/psych.2019.102012143 Psychology presentation to the school district highlighting the main points of your Critical Thinking Unit Plan and instructional website.Include references to course readings.Participants completed activities individually and in groups during the course of the week of the module and submitted their assignments online.Project and lesson designs were received through online submissions in digital word or web format.Participant designs were analyzed for content.
dered in the design by applying Sternberg's suggestion of creativity to be enhanced by bringing past knowledge to new experiences in learning about language food D. E. Kaplan DOI: 10.4236/psych.2019.102012145 Psychology and travel online.In a project focused on money investment and banking in 12 th Grade economics, creativity is incorporated into activity by including song writing about the economy.In a unit designed to teach high school students research, independent learning activities activate creativity in pattern observation and analysis.In a project based learning unit to teach parents and teachers about problem based learning, a student unit has students choosing their own adventure and create a presentation of their adventure story.In a project to support students in math test taking and learning, creativity was considered to reduce emotional anxiety by having students create schedules for studying and learning aids.In a project on relationship development intervention with children with autism for teachers, teachers are recommended to consider keeping lessons more open ended with more dynamic thinking with problem solving through varying kinds of scenarios, and experiences and showcasing of more than one way toward a solution with multiple perspectives.

2. Design 2.1. Participants
offer reviews of a range of creativity and education advocacies and projects, and Scott, Leritz and Mumford (2004) provide a review of the effectiveness of its training.DOI: 10.4236/psych.2019.102012142 Psychology course and volunteering for the study.The volunteers were representative of the course participants and teacher candidates in the school.

Table 1
shows a number count for participant make-up out of 21 volunteers, 16 female and 4 male, from 60 participants Another lesson used of a variety of visuals and manipulatives to grow creative thought.Another lesson focused on building on past skill and knowledge as recommended by Sternberg.A 2 nd grade lesson employed open assignments to support creativity.Another participant designed acting out of different types of learning.
applications.One lesson incorporated a creative activity in the creation of a graph.Another supported creative activity in recognizing and understanding emotion.One design involved analyzing and creating messages in music.One lesson used color to develop spatial intelligence in mathematical thinking.D. E. Kaplan DOI: 10.4236/psych.2019.102012144 Psychology