Subjective Lowering of Preprandial Blood Glucose and Cancer Prevention by Planning and Recognizing Initial Hunger

We recently described the training of the passage from scheduled to demanded meals in infants and adults. Subjects reduced energy intake by subjectively abolishing conditioned meals and by allowing intake only after demand by the infant or after hunger perception by the adult (Initial Hunger Meal Pattern; IHMP). Conditioned meals were those scheduled and/or presented to the infant as well to the adult by sight, smell, mentioning, gesturing or simply at a fixed mealtime. During IHMP instead, meals were suspended until the first infant’s demand or until an adult’s self-noticing arousal of hunger. IHMP was checked by measuring blood glucose before three meals per day (MBG) and was associated with significant decreases in diary-reported energy-intake, MBG, glycated hemoglobin, body weight, insulin AUC in glucose tolerance tests and in days with diarrhea as compared to randomized control subjects who maintained conditioned meals. Although generalized, conditioned eating is a modern aberration that is associated with development of insulin resistance and overall inflammation. These associations are well demonstrated independently from the implicated mechanism. A state of Overall Subclinical Inflammation greatly increases cell and DNA replications and replication errors. After decades of DNA errors, oncogenic cells arise and cumulate. A prevention of malignancies is possible by interrupting the development of conditioned eating, insulin resistance and associated overall inflammation.


Introduction
In past studies, energy availability and Mean Blood Glucose (MBG) were maintained at different levels within the (sedentary) normal in time variability between 65 mg/dL and 110 mg/dL before meals and before any training on energy intake [1] [2].After bearable meal suspension and recognition of ensuing hunger (Initial Hunger, IH) before all meals, the MBG decreased from 91.6 ± 7.7 mg/dL before training to 76.6 ± 3.7 mg/dL BG after training [1] [2].This MBG decrease was associated with decrease of insulin resistance and HBa1c [1] [2].In absence of any training, high BG and insulin resistance persist for years and decades in association with overall inflammation.A high number of immune and tissue cells dye and are substituted by replication, with few errors in DNA replication.
After years and decades some oncogenic cells develop among the cells with DNA errors [3] [4] [5] [6].Only a consistent minority (30% -35%) of population maintains insulin resistance, high MBG and overall inflammation on one hand and cancer development on the other [1]- [6].Prevention was thus uneasy as it was eating limitation of 33% energy intake.Up to now, no definite target in the intake decrease amount had large consensus.After training, recognition of initial hunger and prediction of current BG are easy in young people before 60.After this learning, people decrease energy intake by a mean 30% (of recruitment value).Table 1 and Table 2 report  The amount of immune cells in the intestinal mucosa is impressive [7] [8] [9] [10] [11].Mowat, Brandtzaeg and Abrams calculated that more than half immune cells in the body were developing in the intestinal mucosa.This huge immune defense is active against intestinal microflora [9] [10] [11] [12].About thousand bacteria species grow in the intestine [12].Most bacteria species do not provoke a known illness like salmonella or cholera.More than half do not interact at all with mucosa [12].Less than half number of immune cells in the mucosa put 10 17 IgA molecules into intestine every day [12].These molecules do not kill bacteria, the IgA molecules only obstacle mucosa invasion by bacteria.Ten to hundred species from thousand in intestine stimulate an immune reaction.
There are low responses by IgM and IgG and these are capable of inducing inflammation.Inflammations are spot like and localized in some segments and absent in others [13] [14].These bacteria stimulate production of IgG and IgM and inflammations.[12] [13].In vitro [13] [14], bacteria were capable of destruction on epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa.Bacteria grow in the small and large intestine in dependence on nutrients, mainly on those nutrients that produce energy availability (sugars, carbohydrates, amino-acids, fats) [7] [8] [9] [10] [11].Long persistence of nutrients in the bowel is frequent.Absorption and progression of nutrients slow down during BG increases.Changes in climate or in home heating and in physical activity change also energy expenditure [15] [16] [17].High environmental temperature spares energy.Resting Metabolic Rate in mammals largely (90%) covers body maintenance at 37˚.Thus intake and intestinal absorption diminish in a warm environment [15] [16] [17].Maintenance of the same intake promotes delay in absorption and an elevation of energy availability.This energy availability extends from blood to tissues and also into intestine that diminishes absorption.Nitrogen and carbohydrates are used by bacteria to grow.The increase of bacteria number and mucosal stimulation provokes relapses of functional disorders, diarrhea in children.During diarrhea relapses in children we actually found high blood glucose (BG) [1] [2] Open Journal of Preventive Medicine [18] [19] [20].These functional events prevail more and more in the evolution from insulin resistance to diabetes.The conflict consists in the competition for absorption and in inflammation that kills immune and tissue cells and leaves destructions.Humans are interested to stop the evolution to diabetes as well as events of eating when BG is high.In the purpose of diminishing immune reactions, humans may eat in order to have a new event of hunger after a planned number of hours.The application of this anti-conflictual strategy in subjects with relapsing disorders stopped the disorders better than the application of other clinical interpretations [1] [2] [19].A subject must learn the correspondence of hunger and body sensations with BG measurements [18].After this learning, the subject ought to learn the amount of energy that is necessary to prevent IH arousal in the subsequent hours: e.g., for 4 or 6 hours.In this calculation, the subject must be aware of differences in expenditure for changes of climate, activity etc.A longer interval from the meal produced a greater decrease in bacteria number [11] [21].This association was exploited in chronic diarrhea [2] [19] [20] [22], during repeated vomiting and malnutrition [23] as well as for nutrition in healthy times [21].The meal absorption develops in a competition between mucosa cells and bacteria proliferation [11] [21].Local increase in immunogenic bacteria produces a conflictual inflammation [3] [22].The progressive increase in adipose tissue subtracts energy (BG) from general availability.This is a way to slow and delay the development of diabetes.An increase in monocytes shows the participation of adipose tissue to overall inflammation.
The "overall inflammation" implies increase in turnover, increase in cell deaths and cell renewal, increase in DNA replication and in DNA errors, increase in oncogenic DNA and oncogenic cells, increase in malignant development in the inflamed tissues, e.g., joints, vascular walls, bronchial and colonic mucosa, etc.. Suppression of the general habit to conditioned intake is associated with 30% decrease in energy intake.The same 30% decrease in energy intake largely decreases tumor arousal in experimental animals [1] [2] [3].In the last 50 years, Mauron missed ahomeostatic method for energy intake to contrast malignancies [3].The novelty now consists in changing meal pattern to introduce an energy intake that reveals to be homeostatic [1] [2].The novel habit calculates the energy intake at each meal that allows initial hunger arousal three times a day (4 to 2 depending on age) [1] [2].This meal pattern is associated with the same energy intake decrease from conditioned intake (a mean-30%) that prevents overall inflammation in humans as well as malignancy in animals (1 -3).
This novel meal pattern is homeostatic, i.e., at each meal provides the least excess over expenditure and the least bacterial growth in intestine.The homeostatic provision maintains the safest balance among intestinal bacteria species and the least development of overall inflammation in the body [1] [2] [3].Overall inflammation increases cell death, cell and DNA replications and it increases oncogenic errors in localized sites as well as in all body.After decades of conditioned meal pattern, the prevalence of oncogenic aberrations becomes significant Open Journal of Preventive Medicine [3]- [11].Future physicians still need to remake the here reported scientific steps.
The need for further confirmatory search for the development of malignancy shall never stop.Why a decrease in energy intake has not been already taken?Is it too simplistic for a huge problem like tumors?Are humans resigned to pay in tumor development a fatal toll for being human?Are humans prepared to a fatal assistential organization that we can only improve in its working but cannot eliminate to implement a poorly known radical solution?
The current novelty in this question consists in the possibility for anyone to implement Initial Hunger by self help.This subjective implementation cannot be reached by a fixed energy intake.A lower mean energy intake may be easily reached but does not allow a reasonably narrow BGSD in the face of a daily variability in energy expenditure [1] [2] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13].No consideration of the importance of this SD stability invalidates the lower MBG.Objective limits in energy intake (1000 to 2000 kcal per day) produce an inconstant lowering that alone may suffice for attenuating vascular risks.Actually, IH recognition more times per day is associated with a significantly decreased SD of (of energy availability) and of MBG as compared to conditioned intake [1] [2] [19].Awareness on BG may be acquired by a personal training even without medical support except for encouraging.The spreading of this information has begun in Boston [24].

Conclusions
A minority of the Western (and Tuscan) population prevents already overall inflammation and malignancies.Another part already asserts "would I have known earlier".The consistency of these minorities suggests that conditioned intake is chosen haphazard, by absurd casualty as it was observed in novel mothers at birth [25].Thus, the first intervention consists in orienting nutrition and energy balance against the development of overall inflammation, i.e. targeting insulin sensitivity or decreasing insulin resistance in meal pattern.This objective is anyway useful to depress vascular risks and diabetes development [1] [2].
Eating is a biophysical event that is decided subjectively in the start, in energy amount and density, in the items and in the end.The subjective participation is unavoidable.Dieticians may suggest eating 1000 kcal per day and this suggestion constructs an eating without subjectivity until the patient mechanically endures this rigid pattern.Days with an increase in energy expenditure impose again subjectivity and a subjective increase in energy intake.Given the pervasive nature of subjectivity during meals, also a subjective method must be considered as appropriate and rigorously scientific: Three (four or two, depending on age) events of Initial Hunger per day mark the best adaptation of energy intake to homeostatic energy and BG availability in blood, least bacteria growth in the intestine, least overall inflammation and least cell replications in the body.The subjectivity of the described method provided the adaptability of energy intake decrease that Mauron missed in the last 50 years of attempts to contrast malignancies [1]  energy intake that is based on three initial hunger arousals per day [1] [2].This meal pattern is associated with the same energy intake decrease from conditioned intake (a mean-30%) that prevents malignancy in animals (1 -3).This meal pattern provides the least bacterial growth and maintains the best balance among intestinal bacteria species for the least development of overall inflammation [1] [2] [3].Overall inflammation increases cell death, cell and DNA replications and increases oncogenic errors through decades.
the metabolic conditions before and after training in various human groups.The metabolic condition before training is typical of overall inflammation and cancer development.The metabolic condition after training corresponds to that of cancer prevention in animal studies [3] [4] [5] [6].
[2].Open Journal of Preventive Medicine Journal of Immunology, 191, 2857-2863.[25]Ciampolini, M. (2012) Requested Meals versus Scheduled Meals.International Journal of General Medicine, 5, 345-353.https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S29889 List of Terms and Abbreviations BG = Blood Glucose, an index of energy availability blood for the whole body.IH = Initial Hunger consists of gastric pangs or mind or physical weakness: Inedia is the Italian word for this weakness.In sedentary adults and in children, IH corresponds to 76.6 ± 3.7 mg/dL BG.In infancy corresponds to demand before sight of food.IHMP: Initial Hunger Meal Pattern: Energy intake is adjusted to three arousals of IH per day.OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test.AUC = area under curve of GTT.MBG = The mean of 21 BG measurements before the three main daily meals reported by a week diary.MBG measures the compliance with IHMP, MBG shows changes after training and it is negatively correlated to insulin sensitivity.Below 81.8 mg/dL (Low MBG) MBG indicates a healthy meal pattern in sedentary people.Over 81.8 mg/dL, High MBG is associated with fattening/insulin resistance.

Table 1 .
Initial hunger meal pattern, effects on energy metabolism.

Table 2 .
Initial hunger meal pattern and effects on insulin curve and BMI.
High MBG OW subjects are here reported.(Data from reference 1, 2).MBG = Mean of 21 measurements during a week.High MBG = MBG > 81.8 mg/dL Low MBG = MBG < 81.8 mg/dL.BMI = Body Mass Index.GTT = Glucose Tolerance Test, Insulin area under curve at GTT.All pre-post and longitudinal differences (from controls) are significant, except for the bottom line where only longitudinal difference is significant.Courtesy of Ciampolini 2018, copyright owner under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>.