HCFL Lamp Only Lights Up under Coexistence of Cathode and Anode in Ar Gas Space for Half Cycle of AC Driving Circuit

Vacuum space between Ar atoms in unlighted HCFL lamps is an electric insulator, because vacuum fills up with strong negative electric field from orbital electrons in p6 electron shell of Ar atoms. Vacuum space in lighted FL lamps changes to the neutral vacuum that provides a superconductive vacuum for moving electrons at above room temperature. The complications of lighting mechanisms of HCFL lamps for more than 80 years have clearly solved with coexistence of disparate external and internal electric circuits for each half cycle. External electric circuit acts as two roles. One helps for formation of internal electric circuit in Ar gas space by electric field. Other picks up induced voltages from capacitor CFL. HCFL lamp only lights up with moving electrons in internal DC driving circuit. Electrons in HCFL lamp only move from cathode to anode, which respectively have negative and positive potentials against grand (V = 0), and which are formed with volumes of heated corona light (4G) at around W-filament metal electrodes with a help of heated BaO particles. The HCFL lamp that emits thermoelectrons is a false story. Here we have totally revised the fundamentals of the lighting mechanism of the established HCFL lamps for last 80 years.

The W-filament metal lamp emits the lights which distribute from the UV lights to the infrared lights. We cannot determine the η q of W-filament lamp.
The LED lamp is made with the solids. The LED lamp generates one visible photon by the recombination of a pair of injected electron and hole at the luminescence centers in the junction. The moving electron and hole in sold inevitably lose some amount of the kinetic energy by the Joule Heat (IR), resulting in the η q < 1.0; many case η q ≈ 0.5 [1] [2]. The commercial hotcathode (HC) FL lamp generates the light by electrons that move on in vacuum space between Ar 1+ . The positive electric field of Ar 1+ neutralizes the negative electric field in the vacuum space in Ar gas. By the neutralization of the vacuum space, the electrons move on in the superconductive vacuum (RI = 0) at above room temperature. Consequently, each moving electron in FL lamps has an astronomical η q = 10 12 photons (m 3 , s) −1 [1] [2]. The numbers of the moving electrons in the internal DC electric circuit of the HCFL lamps are around 10 13 electrons per second.
Thus, one 40W-HCFL lamp emits 10 25 photons per second (=10 12 × 10 13 electrons). Hence, we can say that only FL lamp has a great advantage over the LED lamp for the energy saving incandescent lamps, even though some one claims that the LED lamps are the energy saving light source. With this reason, we have study on the details of the established HCFL lamps for more than 90 years. The the potential below 0.95 kV. He did not give the reason. We know the reason that the vacuum space in Ar gas fills up with the negative electric field from the 3 p 6 orbital shell of Ar atom, as illustrated in Figure 2 [1].
The negative electric field is invisible by the eyes. Fortunately, we can detect the evidence of the negative electric field in the vacuum space between floating Ar atoms by the measurements of the absorption spectrum by a spectrometer.
The details will show in Figure 2. Townsend gave us an important message. The massage is the lighting condition of the Ar gas space by the needle electrode.
Townsend made another experiment that is a very important result for the study on FL lamps. Above 1.0 kV, the needle electrode in the Ar gas at 931 Pa (7 Torr) is suddenly covered up with the volume of the glow light of the Ar atoms.
He described that the volume of the glow light acted as the electron source (cathode) in the Ar gas space. In the Townsend tube having Ar gas at above 133 Pa

No Existence of HCFL Lamps
We have deeply studied with the thermoelectrons emission from the heated BaO particles in cathode ray tubes (CRT) and vacuum radio tubes (VRT). The heated Ba atoms on the BaO particles only emit thermoelectrons into the vacuum that is vacuum pressures below 10 −3 Pa (<10 −5 Torr). In the vacuum pressure above 10 −1 Pa (10 −3 Torr), the heated Ba atoms instantly change to the BaO or Ba compounds that they do not emit the thermoelectrons in to vacuum.
However, the developers of the HCFL lamps have stubbornly believed that the commercial HCFL lamps use the thermoelectron emission from the heated BaO particles on the W-filament coils for more than 80 years. The HCFL lamps contain (a) Ar gas at 930 Pa (=7 Torr) and (b) residual gases at around 1 Pa (=~10 −2 Torr) [1] [2]. Therefore, the heated BaO particles never emit the thermoelectrons into the Ar gas space of the HCFL lamps. Anyhow, by the application of the W-filament coils with the BaO particles to the HCFL lamps, the HCFL lamps brilliantly light up from the phosphor screen. We must find out the real reasons.
The details will describe in next Section 3.
Individual Ar atoms in FL lamps isolate with the separation distance at 10 −6 m

Formation of Cathode and Anode of Internal DC Driving Circuit in Ar Gas Space in HCFL Lamp under AC Driving Circuit
The HCFL lamps had basically developed with the concept of the Geissler tube.
However, the study of the lighting mechanisms of the HCFL lamps must step in the most advanced science knowledge over the concept of the Geissler tube. The fundamental is the formation of cathode and anode in Ar gas space of FL lamp.
The FL lamps only light up with the moving electrons from cathode to anode. As already mentioned, the BaO particles on the W-filament coils never assign as the cathode and anode in Ar gas space of HCFL lamp. We must find out the real cathode and anode in the lighted HCFL lamp. The lights are generated with moving electrons from cathode to anode. We must find out the formation of the real cathode and anode in Ar gas space of the lighted HCFL lamps under the AC driving circuit.
In general, the HCFL lamps brilliantly light up under the operation of the AC driving circuit that has AC 100 V with 50 (or 60) Hz.      Then we have found the continuous formation mechanisms of the ±4G volumes for one cycle. The details of the formation of the ±4G volumes for one cycle, not the half cycle, at around the W-filament electrodes are below. The thermal radiation from the heated bear spot selectively heats up the limited volume of the Ar atoms at around the bear spot of the W-filament coil to a temperature at about 80˚C that is determined by the infrared thermometer. With the limited BaO particles at around heated bear spots also heat up by the heat conduction from the heated bear spot of the W-filament coil. Since the heated BaO particles have the large heat capacitance, the heated BaO particles hold the temperature for the unheated half cycle. Therefore, the 4G volume at around the bear spot continuously hold the required temperature for one cycle (for 20 ms) with the help of the heated BaO particles at nearby the heated bear spot of the W-filament coil. The heated volumes at around the W-filament coils are ionized by the electric fields from the W-filament coils for the formation of ±4G.
The ionization of the Ar atoms in the unheated Ar gas requires the high electric filed. With this reason, only Ar atoms in the heated volume are selectively ionized under the electric field (F filam ) from the W-filament coil for a half cycle. And the 4G volume holds for the following half cycle with the help of the heated BaO particles at the nearby the heated spot. The results show that the ±4G volumes continuously form on the W-filament coils at the both ends of the HCFL lamps for one cycle, as shown in Figure 7. The ±4G volumes on the negative and positive W-filament coils respectively act the electron sources (cathode) and electron correction source (anode). Thus the HCFL lamps have the DC internal electron source under the help of the external AC driving circuit.  Now we will describe the details of the Ar atoms in the heated ±4G volumes on the W-filament coils under the operation with the AC driving circuit with 100 V, 50 Hz. The heated volumes contain a large amount of Ar 1+ , free electrons (e − ), and excited Ar atoms (Ar*). The Ar 1+ and e − are the same numbers. The numbers of Ar* are less than 0.08 of Ar 1+ [1]. The majorities in the ±4G volume are the invisible Ar 1+ and e − . Mass of Ar 1+ is 1.6 × 10 −27 kg, and mass of electron is 9.1 × 10 −31 kg. The presence of Ar 1+ neutralizes the negative electric field in the ±4G volume. Therefore, only electrons in the −4G volume (i.e., cathode) smoothly move on in the neutralized vacuum under the DC electric field (F DC ) between cathode and anode in the HCFL lamps. This means that only electrons in the −4G volume, which is formed on the negative potential of the W-filament coil, act as the electron source (cathode) in the Ar gas space. The +4G volume on the positive W-filament coil only acts as the anode that correct arrived electrons from the Ar gas space. Thus, the ±4G volumes on the W-filament coils at the both ends act as the cathode and anode of the internal DC driving circuit. Thus, we have found the formation of the internal DC electric circuit in front of the W-filament coils, without the electron flow from the W-filament coil to the ±4G volumes.
We have theoretically and experimentally solved the difficulty of the holding of the ±4G volumes for one cycle under the operation of the AC driving circuit with the concept of Townsend. Two disparate electric circuits, the external AC driving circuit and the internal DC electric circuit, involve in the operation of the HCFL lamp. The lights from the HCFL lamp are generated with the moving electrons from the cathode to the anode in the internal DC electric circuit formed in the Ar gas space, as illustrated in Figure 7. The electrodes of the external AC driving circuit only help the formation of the internal DC electric circuit by the electric field from the electrodes.

Electrodes of External AC Driving Circuit Detect Induced
Voltages of CFL Figure 9. Schematic illustration of coexistence of disparities of external AC driving circuit and internal DC driving circuit in lighted HCFL lamp. Two disparate electric circuits are conjugated with electric field without electron flow.
There is a large deference of the electric currents between the external AC electric circuit and internal DC electric circuits. The W-filament electrodes of the external AC driving circuit only pick up the induced voltages from the capacitor C FL as illustrated in Figure 9(A). The C FL is formed with the synchronous displacement of the electrons within the upper 3 [9]. This is a mistake in the study of the AC driving circuit of the HCFL lamps. The capacitance of the C FL changes with the numbers of Ar 1+ atoms in the lighted HCFL lamps: a high capacitance with the high Ar gas pressures. It is now clear for us. The power consumption of the external AC driving circuit does not relate with the generation energy of the lights from HCFL lamps.

No Poison of Hg Atoms in FL Lamps to Human Body
Here arises the political action for study of FL lamps. The Japanese Government recently prohibits the production of the FL lamps as the poison of Hg atoms to human body, using the Minemata Disease. Then, the Japanese Government has proposed to United Nation for the termination of the FL lamps on the World.
The poison of the Hg atoms in the FL lamps is a false story as the science. The Minemata Disease is caused with the organic Hg compound (CH 3 HgX) (11, 1).
The Hg droplets in the FL lamps are safe for human body. The Japanese Governments must withdraw their proposal from UN. The FL lamps hold an incomputable advantage over the LED lamps as described in this report.

Conclusions
The lighting mechanisms of the established HCFL lamps have been analyzed.
The HCFL lamps contain Ar gas at 931 Pa (7 Torr). Ar atoms float in vacuum with separation distance with 10 −6 m. The vacuum between floating Ar atoms fills up with the negative electric field with electrons in 3 p 6 orbital shell of Ar atom. The established HCFL lamps neglect this fact. Then, they have assumed that the heated BaO particles on the W-filament coils directly emit thermoelectrons in to the Ar gas space. This is also a false story [11].

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.