Assessing Naturalness Changes Resulting from a Historical Land Use in Brazil South Region : An Analysis of the 1986-2016 Period

The effects of land use and cover changes and the application of the Urbanity Index were analyzed to identify critical or non-critical naturalness scenery in the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), over a period of 30 years. Between 1986 and 2016, the main significant land use change was the reduction of the agricultural anthropic and the increase of the natural vegetation land use areas. About 90% 80% of the total study areas were characterized by anthropic pattern features, with a predominantly agricultural matrix. The conversion of agricultural anthropic into natural areas resulted in increased naturalness landscape and a gain in the stock of natural capital. The increase in the natural vegetation area, mainly to the north and east of the region, set in a steep relief, became remarkable after 1990. The Urbanity Index values evidenced a highest naturalness condition (natural vegetation areas) to the northern and eastern, while a smaller naturalness condition (agricultural and non-agricultural areas) to the southern and western and central of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul. These changes are related to a non-impaired (northern and eastern) and a impaired scenery (southern, western and central portion) of the ecological sustainability of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, after a 30-year period (1986-2016). These results pointed out that land use transitions resulted in a consolidated farming scenario in which agricultural intensification coincided with the reduction of farming area and increased naturalness as a reverse trend to the agricultural frontier dynamics.


Introduction
The intensification of changes in land use and cover has been associated with one of the key aspects of socioeconomic development [1] [2] [3], as well as one of the factors responsible for changes in environmental conditions [4] [5].
The conversion of natural vegetation into agricultural anthropogenic uses on a global scale has been pointed out as the main direct factor of pressure on biodiversity and ecosystem services losses, and the emission of greenhouse gases [6] [7], especially when related to the loss of naturalness [8] and forest fragmentation [9].In this sense, the condition of naturalness for biodiversity and ecosystem services' maintenance are fundamental to ecological sustainability, in order to support the resilience of ecosystems [10] [11].
Environmental changes induced by activities, both locally and globally, in space and time, have led to the use of approaches aimed at the compromise of ecological sustainability [12], focusing on the dependence of human well-being on ecosystem services [13] [14].
Anthropic effects are related in landscapes with the agriculture and ongoing urbanization.A series of changes in landscape and biological characteristics during the conversion of natural to anthropic land use have been described [15].
Naturalness is one of the most important criteria in natural conservation under conditions of environmental changes.A primary prerequisite for the preservation of biodiversity is often assumed to be a high level of naturalness [16].Although the concept is increasing in importance in some reports, it is almost completely peculiar in others reports [16] [17].
There is a growing demand with existing indicators to assess land use changes related to anthropogenic influences on landscape patterns and processes [18].These tools also highlight the relationships between the components of natural and anthropogenic landscapes, and how land use changes can influence ecological sustainability, emphasizing the reduction of naturalness due to the replacement of natural components by anthropic ones, monitored in time and space [12] [19] [20] [21].Among them, the Urbanity Index was used as an indicator of the extent and intensity of the naturalness of heavily altered landscapes, considering the proportion among areas with anthropic interference and natural and semi-natural areas [22] [23] [24].This work presents an empirical analysis of the effects of land use on the dynamics of composition and naturalness, to identify critical or favorable scenarios for the ecological sustainability of a biocultural landscape of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, based on a descriptive view of the urbanity index, over a 30-year period (1986 to 2016).The impacts of an anthropogenic past resulting from land use transitions, inducing changes in landscape naturalness, have resulted in essential information from the current and historical ecological sustainability scenarios of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, like a support for decision-making for the management of regional biodiversity.1).It has a total population of 222,926 inhabitants [25].

Study Area
The territorial limits present a significant diversification in the appropriation of the study area, influencing the interaction between the socioeconomic factors and the biophysical components.The regional economy is based on a highly technified agriculture, mainly with soy, maize and wheat crops, and livestock [26].
The study area includes the Pampa/Prairies and Atlantic Forest Biomes, the latter represented by the Atlantic Forest with Araucarias and Semidecidual Atlantic Forest, considered components of the Subtropical Atlantic Forest.The Atlantic Forest with Araucarias (Mixed Ombrophylous Forest) corresponds to the natural distribution area of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.)Kuntze, occupying about 68% of the study area; while Pampa/Prairies and Semideciduous Atlantic Forest areas occupy, approximately, 17% and 13%, respectively, of the study area [27].
The climate of the region is characterized as humid subtropical temperate (type Cfa and Cfb of Köppen-Geiger), with annual average temperature of 17 ± 1˚C.The pluviometric regime is regular, with annual average rainfall ranging between 1900 and 2200 mm.The altitude varies from 280 to 900 m, with predominance of flat to wavy relief to the south, and waved to slope to the north of the study area [28].The Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul is located in the Serra Geral Formation, with the predominance of Aluminoferric Red Latosol (LVaf) and, by association of Eutrophic Regolithic Neolithic/Eutrophic Haplic/Luvissol Haplic Palic (RRe1-CXe-TXp2) [29].

Land Use and Cover
The land use and cover changes were analyzed based on four LandSat 5 images of the TM sensor (bands 3, 4 and 5), in October 1986October , 1991October , 2001October , 2011, and a

Naturalness
The naturalness condition of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period (1986-2016) was evaluated by the Urbanity Index (UI) [32] [33].
The UI is often used as an indicator of the extent (Equation ( 1)) to which landscapes are dominated by heavily human-altered systems: where U: corresponds to urban area; A: agricultural area; F: forest area, and W: The land use and cover area values, referring of the UI area values, over a 30-year period, were statistically compared based on a cluster analysis, in a statistical environment R [34].

Land Use and Cover
The landscape spatial pattern of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul was configured by four (04) land use classes: Natural, Aquatic, Agricultural Anthropic, and Non-Agricultural Anthropic, and their respective areas, over a 30-year period (1986-2016).These classes were later categorized into nine types of land cover: native vegetation, wetlands, water bodies, agriculture, pasture, forestry, bare soil, urbanized area, and road net (Table 1).The landscape composition was described based on land use and cover changes, expressing the performance of anthropic activities in determining the predominant type of land use, over a 30-year period.The agricultural anthropic land use (agriculture, bare soil, pasture, and forestry) showed the highest area values, occupying between 85% and 70% of the total study area, over the last 30 years (1986-2016) (Table 1).Through time, a sequence of land use dynamics was observed setting an anthropic matrix, predominantly occupied by farming, with agriculture and soil exposed as the most representative land cover types.The agricultural anthropic land usehas been initially substituted by a natural one; non-agricultural anthropic land use makes up anthropic matrix as a consequence of ongoing urbanization (Figure 2).The Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul evidenced an increase of 81,332.85ha (13.75%) in the native vegetation area, over a 30-year period (1986-2016) (Table 1).This increase became particularly marked in 1990, mainly, in greater slope area to the North and East of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul.The total increase (13.75%) in the native vegetation area resulted in a quantitative remnant, occupying around 25%, of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul total area (Table 1).This value can be considered below the natural area critical threshold of 30% to ensure the balance between biodiversity conservation and economic development in a biocultural landscape [24].This scenery was similar to that observed for other regions of Brazil as previously reported by [22] [23] [35].
The intensification of the farming mechanization in the South of Brazil, since 1980, with an increase in agricultural productivity per unit area, has been identified as one of the driver of the agricultural reduction area, and the consequent reduction of deforestation and natural vegetation recovery [36] [37] [38] [39] [40].
The replacement of agricultural anthropic areas with subsequent natural vegetation recovery has been described like a feature of regions where socio-economic factors strongly influence land use changes [2] [37] [41].The increase of forest areas was also previously reported for regions with lower agricultural potential and marked slope gradient [42].Similar results and reports for The increase in pasture areas of 44,534.71ha (7.52%), between 1986 and 2016 (Table 1), may be related to the reduction of agricultural areas, mainly in sloping areas, particularly in municipalities with agricultural technology associated with monoculture [43] [44].
The total area of non-agricultural anthropogenic use (urban and road net areas) for the North Region of Rio Grande do Sul increased by 4039.88 ha, over a 30-year period (Table 1), particularly, as a result of the urbanization expansion, as well as, the exodus of rural population to urban centers.These results are supported by the increase and the reduction of urban and rural populations, respectively, of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul municipalities [25].
There was no change in road net value area (3404.17ha) in the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul between 1986 and 2016 (Table 1).This result is due to the only main roads mapping and rasterization of the study area, due to the resolution of the Landsat images (30 m) be incompatible with the average width of most of the region's roads (approximately 10 m).
The increase in the total area of aquatic environments, equivalent to 7425.72 ha, was mainly supported by the floodplain areas of the Itá and Foz do Chapecó hydroelectric power plants, both on the Uruguay River, and by the Monjolinho Hydroelectric Power Plant, on the Passo Fundo River.Conversely, the reduction of the wetlands (835.10 ha) was observed, over a period of 30 years (1986-2016) (Table 1).Wetlands have been intensively modified over time, mainly due to the agricultural expansion in the Rio Grande do Sul province [29].
Three naturalness performances of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period, were identified: 1) increased naturalness (areas of high and medium/high naturalness) resulting, respectively, from the increase of natural areas with or without minimal anthropic influence, and of natural areas with anthropic influence, equivalent to changes from 0.94% to 2.63%, and from 13.33% to 26.29%, of the total study area (Table 2).Areas of high naturalness are associated with patches of natural vegetation, in the North and East of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, particularly, through two remnants of natural vegetation, with areas greater than 1000 ha, located in Indigenous Land, respectively, to the northwest and southeast of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (Figure 3, 2016); 2) reduction of naturalness (areas of low naturalness), specifically, related to the ongoing urbanization process, equivalent to a change from 0.38% to 0.57% of the total study area; Reduction of the farming matrix, from 85.35% to 70.51% of the total study area, mainly due to the replacement of agricultural with natural vegetation areas (Table 2).
Even considering the trend towards improvement in the naturalness performance, particularly, for the period 2001-2016, the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul continues under the influence of pressure factors related to the continuity of agricultural and non-agricultural anthropic land uses.This trend is supported by the predominance of areas with medium/low and low naturalness, categorized by UI values between > 0.5 to 1.0 (Table 2).The predominance of agricultural anthropic areas reverting to landscapes with low naturalness is also reported in other studies [23] [45] [46].

Ecological Sustainability
A cluster analysis between the land use area values, together with a naturalness Table 2. Temporal quantification of naturalness levels based on the area values (ha and%) for the different classes of the Urbanity Index (UI) of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period .The area values (%) of each naturalness level in the period of 1986-2016 are highlighted.levels, and the time period (1986, 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2016), identified two scenery of ecological sustainability for the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period.One with a impaired ecological sustainability related to agricultural anthropic area values, related to higher naturalness UI values (0.5---|0.8 and 0.8---|1.0),particularly, for 1986 and 1991; and another with a non-impaired ecological sustainability reveled by the increase of natural and aquatic areas, associated to lower naturalness UI values (0.0---|0.2 e 0.2---|0.5),for 2001, 2011 and 2016 (Figure 4).The grouping related to the first scenario (1986 and 1991) is due to the reduction of the agricultural anthropic areas in relation to the other years, while the second scenario (2001, 2011, and 2016) is related to the increase of natural vegetation and aquatic areas compared to previous periods.
Compromising conditions represented by UI values (0.8---|1.0) were related to the anthropic (agricultural and urban) areas, while non-compromising conditions to ecological sustainability represented by UI values (0.0---|0.2) were related to aquatic and natural areas (Table 2), mainly due to the largest patches of native vegetation in the region (Figure 3).That scenery supports the relevance of wetlands, water bodies and native vegetation to maintain the naturalness and ecological sustainability of the study area.The transition from agricultural anthropic to natural land use resulted in a gain in the stock of natural capital and an increase in naturalness, promoting the improvement of the ecological sustainability of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period (1986-2016).

Conclusions
Over a 30-year period (1986-2016), a process of land appropriation was observed, with anthropic agricultural land use constituting the main responsibility of causing changes in the landscape composition of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul.The landscape spatial composition resulting from the conversion and substitution of one land use type by another configured an increase in the stock of natural vegetation immersed in a predominantly anthropic matrix, with agriculture and bare soil as the most representative land cover types.The natural vegetation increase became noticeable from 1990, mainly in areas located to the north and east of the study area, set out in more steep relief.
The land use and cover transitions emphasized that farming intensification reduced the agricultural production area, with approximately 90% to 80% of the total area of the North Region of Rio Grande do Sul, remaining unchanged in relation to the different types of land use and cover, over a 30-year period .
The conversion of anthropic agricultural into natural areas resulted in three naturalness performances of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period: 1) increase in naturalness level (high and medium/high naturalness areas) resulting from the increase of natural areas, with or without a minimal anthropic influence, and natural areas with anthropic influences, respectively; 2) decrease of the naturalness level (low naturalness area), specifically related to the urbanization process; 3) reduction in the area of the agricultural anthropic matrix supporting the substitution of the farming to natural vegetation areas.
The values of land use areas associated with UI values, over a 30-year period (1986,1991,2001,2011, and 2016) identified a scenery with impaired ecological sustainability related to lower naturalness level due to the high area values of anthropic agricultural land use, particularly, for 1986 and 1991; and another one of a non-impaired ecological sustainability related to a higher naturalness level due to the increase of the natural and aquatic land use areas, for 2001, 2011 and 2016.
The impacts of an anthropogenic past result from changes in land use, induce changes in landscape naturalness, and provide essential information for the current and historical ecological sustainability scenery of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, as a support for decision-making for the management of regional biodiversity.It's also make it possible for policy makers, scientists and stakeholders to identify at a glance the land uses which are hindered or enhanced under various scenarios of land use change, over the 30-year period.Overlaying UI values and municipalities limits enable us to provide essential information about current and historical land use, and the monitoring of naturalness dynamics of each territorial municipality, in time and space, identifying which of them the amount of natural area is below of a critical threshold.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location and geopolitical limits that cover up the study area: (a) State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; (b) Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil; (c) Territorial limits of the 31 municipalities located in the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS, Brazil).
aquatic and wetland areas.The spatial representation of the UI was obtained based on the Raster Vector Area and Image calculator commands in the IDRISI Selva software and fuzzy logic (transformed by a linear function with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 1).This representation considers the maximum naturalness condition (UI = 0), and the minimum naturalness condition (UI = 1), which correspond to the predominance of strongly human-altered systems.Non-impaired scenario to conservation biology and ecological sustainability are related to lower naturalness UI ≤ 0.3 values, whereas impaired scenario with high naturalness UI ≥ 0.7 values[22].The naturalness performance was obtained by the transition matrix of the different classes of IB area values, over a 30-year period (1986-2016), using the CrossTab (Cross Tabulation) command from Idrisi.The thematic maps of the naturalness levels related to the UI area values were elaborated using MapInfo Professional.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Spatial representation of the land use and cover dynamics of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) showing the increase of native vegetation in a predominantly anthropic matrix with agriculture, pasture, and exposed soil, over a 30-year period (1986-2016).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Temporal and spatial representation of naturalness levels, based on the Urbanity Index classes of area values, from the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS, Brazil), over a 30-year period (1986-2016), evidencing the increase of areas with high (natural vegetation) and low naturalness (urban areas).Areas of high naturalness stand out at the north and east of the study area.Two remaining fragments of natural vegetation, with areas greater than 1000 ha, located in the Votouro, Votouro/Kandoia and Guarani Votouro (A) and Ligeiro (B) Indigenous Land, respectively, located to the northwest and southeast of the study (Figure 3, 2016) was highlighted.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Cluster analysis between the land use area values, associated with a naturalness conditions, and the years 1986, 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2016, showing scenarios of high and low ecological sustainability for 2001-2011-2016 and 1986-1991 aggregate, respectively, for the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period.
Comply with the needs to facilitate the integration of planning and priority in designating areas of outstanding environmental value, or even, what natural vegetation patches areas should be kept in view the maintenance and continuity of ecological processes to ensure ecosystemic services provided to human well-being.

Table 1 .
Area values (ha and%) for the land use and cover types of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) over a30-year  period (1986-2016).