Intra-Atomic Gravitational Shielding (Lensing), Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity

The discovery by the author of real magnetic charges and true anti-electrons in the atomic structures allowed him to establish that the gravitational field (GF) in reality is the vortex electromagnetic field. Depending on the vector conditions the gravitational fields can be either paragravitational (PGF) or ferrogravitational (FGF). Masses (atoms, nucleons, etc.) emitting PGF manifest so-called attraction to each other. In fact, this process is the pressing of atoms or nucleons to each other by the forces of gravitational “Dark energy”. Namely the gravitational “Dark energy” which is formed between the masses emitting PGF and compressing of nucleons in atomic nuclei is the main force factor determining the formation of nuclear forces. Masses that emit FGF are repelled from PGF sources, for example, from the Earth. The last gravitational manifestation, discovered by the author, this is of the effect of the gravitational levitation. The atomic shell and atomic nucleus are autonomous sources of gravitational field in atomic compositions. The gravitational fields emitted these sources, by its physical parameters, are different gravitational fields, what associated with differences in the magnitudes charges of magnetic and electric particles in their compositions. The noted differences in the parameters of the GF are of reason that in atoms the process of extrusion of foreign gravitational field from the region of given gravitational source is realized. This effect should be called the effect of intra-atomic gravitational shielding (IAGS). Within the framework of this effect the shell of the atom is a kind of gravitational “insulator” that prevents the PGF of the nucleons from leaving beyond of the atom. As result of the IAGS effect, the concentration PGF of nucleons is realized only in the region of the nucleus, which leads to an increase in nuclear forces. However, the resistance of the marked “insulator” is finite and if the critical voltage PGF on the nucleus is exceeded, the complete shielding of the nucleon fields by the atomic shell is broken. As *The author is the doctor of physical and mathematical sciences. At present works as individual researcher. How to cite this paper: Sizov, R.A. (2019) Intra-Atomic Gravitational Shielding (Lensing), Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity. Journal of Modern Physics, 10, 59-73. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2019.101006 Received: December 13, 2018 Accepted: January 22, 2019 Published: January 25, 2019 Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Introduction in Real Physics of Magnetic and Electric Charges, Gravitational Field and "Dark Energy"
Experimental and theoretical studies of the author (the period from 1968 to the present time) have shown that magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are the direct sources of all magnetic fields in Nature [1] [2]. It should note that initial experiments which prompted the author to studies' problem of participation magnetic charges in the structures of atoms and substance were his experiments with magnetic scattering of neutrons in the ferrimagnetic crystals [3]. In addition, the author's research has allowed establishing that in atoms and substance as the structural components "work" and such of real Antimatter particles as true anti-electrons with charge e + . These last particles are neither positrons nor Dirac's "holes". The real particles, noted above, for more than hundred years are not recognized by official physical science. The introduction of these particles into the basic physical concepts significantly changes the interpretation of a huge number of physical effects, and also allows us to discover new physical manifestations and patterns.

Magnetic and Electrical Charges in Structures of Atomic and Nucleonic Shells
The results of the author's research showed that the shells of atoms are electro- particles Antimatter with charge g + . These magnetic particles are magnetic analogs of electrons and antielectrons. The magnetic charges presented above emit magnetic fields exclusively because of their magnetic nature which has nothing to do with electrical particles. In other words, magnetism and electricity are physically independent natural manifestations [4].
It is important to note here that the first person who observed real magnetic charges (in his opinion, magnetic ions) was Felix Ehrenhaft, who made his remarkable discoveries at beginning of the 20 th century [5]. The reasons which, more than one hundred years, inhibit the recognition of valid conclusions of F. Ehrenhaft were discussed in detail in the publications of the author (see, for example, [2]).
It should be noted such interesting topic of the theoretical physics as magnetic monopoles. Under the concept "magnetic monopole" is commonly understood as theoretical electrified structures that are designed to create a magnetic field. The basis for the design of these structures, as a rule, is the theory of Dirac's magnetic monopole [6]. However, this monopole is capable of emitting exclusively the vortex magnetic field, which is described by the vortex vector rotH [7]. For this reason the Dirac monopole and its derivatives cannot have any relation to real magnetic poles emitting the polar magnetic field, natural to them, with field strength H. By their physical nature real magnetic charges are magnetic analogues of electrons, as well as other fundamental electrical particles. Given the physical irreducibility of real magnetic charges and theoretical magnetic monopoles, the author considers it pointless to draw any logical Parallels between them.
In atomic structures, in composition of electric dipoles, there are true antielectrons, i.e. of real Antimatter particles with charge e + . Note, that these antielectrons no direct relation to the positrons and has nothing to do with the so-called electron vacancies or Dirac "holes" [8].
The author in the publication [9] showed that nucleons (proton and neutron) are of the atomic-shaped electromagnetic structures, i.e. like of atoms include the nucleon shell and nucleus. The magnitude of the electric and magnetic charges in the nucleon shells are, according to the author's research, 1/2 or less of the magnitude charges in atomic shells.
It is important to note that the basic (unperturbed) state of the spinor particles is the state of bispinor. In this state the charges in pairs + and − are tightly pressed together by the forces of "Dark energy" what leads to compensation of the external activity of their spins. Such pair does not manifest itself by external spinor field and, in practice, is not detected. The process of dense compression of a particle and an antiparticle described above and the exclusion of this pair from the information sphere provoked the emergence of such a fictitious concept as the annihilation of particles in the existing physical theory. This concept was formed on basis of observed interaction of electron and positron, as result of which only gamma quanta are detected. The positron is not is elementary spinor particle but is the varieties of mass, that is, it is the electromagnetic with the antielectron, i.e. that is, with the positron nucleus with the formation of bispinor. As for the electromagnetic (quark) shell of the positron, it actually annihilates, and the evidence for its destruction is the observed gamma quanta. At the same time, the main protagonists of the so-called annihilation of particles (electron and true antielectron) do not annihilate, but remain unchanged in the composition bispinor.

The Electromagnetic Vortex (Gravitational) Fields and Essence of Physical Mass
The author's research has shown that electric and magnetic charges forming atomic and nucleonic shells exist in the compositions of the corresponding dipoles which rotate on atomic and nucleonic orbits. Namely the electromagnetic shells of atoms are the natural sources (generators) of gravitational field (GF) which, in reality, is of vortex electromagnetic field [10]. The elementary source of gravitational field is the spinor electromagnetic quasi-particle which received the name S-Graviton (S from "source"). The composition of S-Graviton: two spinors (electric and magnetic) and two antispinor corresponding to them. The And again, by outward analogy with magnetism, such fields can to define as paragravitational fields (PGF).  [11]. It is important to note that the masses emitting FGP are so-called negative masses. The well-known representative of the "negative mass" is the atom of ordinary hydrogen or protium.
In his publications, since 2001, author tried to explain that all varieties of Physical Mass are the electromagnetic structures of atomic-shaped type consisting of electric and magnetic spinor particles. Main characteristic property of all varieties of mass is ability to emit the gravitational field that is formed as the result joint orbital currents of electric and magnetic charges and is the vortex electromagnetic field. In addition, the author showed that the formation of photons also falls, exclusively, within the competence of mass [12].
It is necessary to emphasize that Physical Mass and, for example, Matter are completely different physical categories. By the Physical masses, for example, are atoms, nucleons, substance. It is especially important to note that the individual spinor particles as electric, so and magnetic are massless, because mass is the result their joint structural union. For example, the electron is massless particle and no "divine bosons" can't give it mass.

"Dark Energy" Is Global Force Factor That Is Responsible for All the So-Called Interactions between Masses and Charges
The results research of real magnetic charges allowed the author to formulate the The "Dark energy" realized in practice can associate with spinor fields which formed its, and therefore you can define the "Dark energy", for example, as the gravitational "DE" or electrostatic "DE". Considering that the gravitational field is the vortex electromagnetic, i.e. the spinor field, for the present study it is important to find out the mechanisms formation of the gravitational "Dark energy" and the features of it effect on the masses (bodies). rot − E H in the compositions of the gravitational fields (GF) emitted by them, can be both paragravitational (PGF) and ferrogravitational (FGF). The classical source of GF is the electromagnetic quasiparticle consisting of two coupled dipoles (electric and magnetic) rotating in one atomic or nucleon orbit. S-Graviton is the shell of all hydrogen atoms (protium, deuterium and tritium).

Gravitational Shielding in Hydrogen Atoms
Diagram of structure of the atom so-called lightweight hydrogen (protium) is shown in Figure 1. Recall that the atomic shells of all elements, like the shell of hydrogen atoms, are electromagnetic, and not electronic, as is now commonly believed. The magnitudes of the charges of the electric and magnetic spinor particles constituting the atomic shells of all the elements correspond to the condition e = g. The considering that S-Graviton is an elementary source of a gravitational field, the shell of a hydrogen atom emits namely FGF. As for the proton (p + ), which is located in the center of the atom and performs the function of the nucleus, it emits a PGF. It is known that the proton is attracted, more precisely, Journal of Modern Physics  In the composition of the atom protium is coexist two autonomous sources of GP: shell emitting FGF and nucleus-proton emitting PGF. However, in gravitational interactions, protium manifests itself as the source of FGF, which, we recall, is generated by its EM-shell. In favor of the latter statement is testifies by the known volatility of protium which is determined by the effect of gravitational levitation discovered and studied by the author.
The most probable cause that does not allow proton PGF to go beyond the atomic shell of the protium atom and manifest itself in gravitational interactions is the effect of intra-atomic gravitational lensing (IAGL). Through the term "gravitational lensing" in physics all types of deviations by masses of EM-fields are defined. Within this broad theme its physical subsections can be distinguished [15]. So, for example, IAGL processes, which are realized in atoms, should, as more accurate, be called as processes of the intra-atomic gravitational shielding (IAGS) the field of nucleus by atomic shell. This last definition we will use in article.
The gravitational field emitted by the nucleus-proton under the conditions of the IAGS realization cannot go beyond the atomic shell of protium and exists in closed oblast in the zone of nucleus. The atomic shell, in this case, is a kind of gravitational "insulator" preventing exit the field of nucleus from escaping beyond the atom. As for the FGF which emit the shell of hydrogen atom, it again, as a result of IAGS, manifests itself in external space and is not detected on the atomic nucleus.
The above-described manifestation, which is defined as the full IAGS of the Journal of Modern Physics nucleus field, is shown in Figure 2(a), which shows the areas of gravitational fields formed by sources in the composition protium atom: FGF of shell which appears beyond limit atom (indicated by straight hatching) and PGF of core (indicated in white) which, due of the IAGS effect, cannot go beyond the limits of the atomic shell. In addition, at the bottom of Figure 2 Figure 2(b) and is equal to them in magnitude.
beyond the atom limits significantly reduces the density of this field on the deuterium nucleus, which is accompanied by a decrease in the magnitude of the nuclear forces connecting the proton and neutron. It is this circumstance that explains the weak coupling of nucleons in the deuterium nucleus noted above. However, deuterium belongs to the category of stable isotopes of hydrogen. The distribution of the PGF of deyton, shown in Figure 2(b), is in the opinion of the author, the most possible option that is realized when the IAGS effect is violated, what accompanied by the output of the PGF beyond of the atom deuterium. The intensity of the PGF of the deyton, most likely, does not greatly exceed the critical value of the intensity EH cr , necessary for the breakdown of the "insulator", i.e. to overcome the gravitational resistance of the R G shell. Therefore, in the case of deuterium, it is most likely that only one gravitational "language" of the PGF will go beyond the atom. As for the direction of the PGF exit, it is determined by the gravitational field of the source interacting with the deuterium, i.e. of the earth. In general, as such a source can be atoms of various elements.
The shape and parameters of the field of PGF, which is formed outside the atom in violation of the full IAGS, require additional studies. These parameters should correspond to the necessary concentration of the nucleus field for the breakdown of shell resistance and autonomous existence beyond the atom. It is also necessary to take into account the possible processes of gravitational focusing of the PGF of the nucleus as it passes through the electromagnetic density of the shell, as well as the conditions for its interaction with the PGF of the Earth and the FGF shell beyond the deuterium atom. The dotted in Figure 2(b) is shows the possible configurations of the "language" of the PGF of the deuterium nucleus outside atomic shell.
The addition of second neutron to the nucleus of deuterium leads to the formation of a third isotope of hydrogen with the name tritium, which, as is known, is a radioactive element with a half-life of 12.32 years. The cause of radioactivity is a significant leakage of the PGF of the nucleus as a result of its release beyond the shell of tritium and the corresponding minimization of nuclear forces in its core.
According to the findings of the author the main reason for the formation of the IAGS effect is physical apartness, both of the sources and their gravitational fields in the atomic compositions. The gravitational fields emitted by the shell and the nucleons in the composition of the atom are, by their physical parameters are different gravitational fields what is determined by the differences in the values of the charges that form them. These fields cannot physically correlate in the total atomic composition, which leads to the screening by a gravitational source of an alien GP. This important circumstance is discussed in more detail below in Chapter 3.
According to the results of our study of IAGS effect in hydrogen atoms we can draw the following conclusions.
1) The effect of complete shielding of the gravitational field of the nucleus is implemented in the protium atom. In this case, the field of the proton nucleus is completely disconnected from the external gravitational manifestation of the atom, which is determined solely by the atomic shell which generates FGF.
2) The principle of shielding the gravitational field of the nucleus is determined by the physical isolation of the atomic sources of the GF, which manifests itself both in its atomic geometry and in a part of the gravitational fields emitted by them.
3) The IAGS process determines and regulates the density of the GF emitted by the nucleons in the region of the nucleus. Nuclear forces are determined by the density (intensity) of PGF on the core, i.e. the higher the density of the field, the stronger the bond between the nucleons in the nuclei. The leakage of PGF from the nucleus region, in the case of a partial removal of the gravitational "blockade", leads to a sharp weakening of the nuclear binding forces of the nucleons. This is precisely the reason for the super-weak coupling between the proton and the neutron in the deuterium nucleus, as well as the radioactivity of Journal of Modern Physics tritium.

Gravitational Shielding in Atoms as Main Reason for Change in Magnitude of Nuclear Forces
It is not difficult to foresee that the IAGS effect is a universal intra-atomic process which is implemented in the atoms of all elements. As noted above, the IAGS processes have a significant impact on the magnitude of the nuclear forces.
It is important to emphasize once again that gravitational shielding is realized in the compositions of the masses (atoms, nucleons, etc.) formed by autonomous sources of gravitational fields, which differ in their physical parameters.
The magnitudes the electric and magnetic charges quarks that form the atom- The division of "labor" noted above implies an obligatory territorial isolation between the marked sources of gravitational fields in the composition of the atoms. The latter, in turn, implies the existence of forces that push these sources apart from each other for some distance and do not allow the so-called "electrons" fall to nucleus.
Everything noted above in this section was related, mainly, to the atoms of the natural stable elements that make up Journal of Modern Physics above-described intra-atomic shielding by the atomic shell of the gravitational fields of nucleons in the composition of atomic nuclei is the physical process that is responsible for the so-called defect of mass. Herewith the gravitational field of the nucleus, which is PGF, completely or partially, is disconnected from the so-called gravitational interaction with the Earth, which and manifests itself as the defect mass of the nucleus.
Since the gravitational "DE" is the main force factor that determines the physics of chemical bonding of atoms, chemistry, as the science of the problem of the condensation of atoms into compounds and substances, can be called gravitational chemistry. An exception here is the ionic bond, in the physics of which the participation of the electrostatic "Dark energy". However, in the processes of chemical bonding of ions, in addition to electrostatic "DE" the forces of gravitational "DE" are involved, since the ions are, as a rule, the source of PGF There are grounds to assume that the IAGS effect is not a purely atomic effect.
In his publications (see, for example, [9]), the author showed that nucleons are the small atoms, which consist of nucleon shells and nuclei. The source of GF in nucleon nuclei is the well-known positron, which is a type of mass. The positron participates in the classical gravitational interaction, i.e. shows so-called attraction to Earth. The latter implies that the positron is a source of PGF. Since

Conclusions
Detection of the effect of IAGS described in this article turned out possible solely as result of the discovery and investigation by the author of real magnetic charges, as well as true anti-electrons in the structures of atoms and nucleons.
Paradoxically, but these real particles, which make up three quarters of all real spinor particles, i.e. of charged particles in atoms and substance, more than hundred years, are not recognized by the official physical science. The introduction of the above-mentioned real particles into the basic physical concepts allowed the author to clarify, for example, such crucial questions of fundamental physics as the true nature of the gravitational field and the physical essence of mass. In addition, it is extremely important that the author managed to find out the real physics of "Dark energy" and to explain the peculiarities of its participation in the numerous effects and manifestations of the real World. In his publications it is shown that namely the forces "DE" is responsible for the dynamics and the so-called interaction of particles and masses in the Universe. So, for Journal of Modern Physics example, the gravitational "Dark energy" is the main force factor determining the Law of Universal Gravitation [16].
The main reason for ignoring all these real particles in physical science is the conditions of their retention in the structures of atoms and substances, which are fundamentally different from the retention of electrons. However, the Physics of confinement is not the only reason which blocks the path to confess these real particles by physical science. A huge negative factor on this path was Maxwell's electric magnetism (EMM), embedded in the minds of humanity in 1873 [17]. It is important to emphasize that EMM arose, exclusively, as result of superficial perception by Maxwell of famous experience Oersted's. Namely the