Strategic Human Resource Management and Corporate Performance

It is essential for success to build an organization filled with good, talented, well-trained people, which is also the center of human resource management. The author combined the complex network with human capital to solve the problems. The author employed fuzzy synthetic evaluation method to figure out the Euclidean distance between different departments in ICM, and then built the human capital network of various departments. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, the author described the dynamic process of human capital in ICM. Through establishing the dynamic complex network model of human capital, the author drew the conclusion that the next two years’ budget of recruiting and training is 34.22σ when the annual churn rate goes to 18%. By Pajek programming, the author used the visualization tools to simulate the staff flow. Through establishing the dynamic simulation model of the staff turnover, the author reached the position’s integrity condition of ICM when the job churn rate is 25% and 35%, respectively. Then the author explained the costs caused by high turnover rates and the indirect effects of high churn rates. The author simulated the change of position’s integrity degree of junior managers and experienced supervisors in the next two years. The author concluded that the HR health of the organization is below the expectation. In addition, the author made sensitivity analysis on the 7 factors of human capital value and consequently drew that the amount of employees of each hierarchy has the greatest influence on human capital value. At last, to make further discussion on the model, the author established the multilayer complex network model including flow, trust, influence and friendship.


Introduction
In 2005 the European Commission (2005) explicitly stated that ''well developed human resources in R & D are the cornerstone of advancement in scientific knowledge, technological progress, enhancing the quality of life, ensuring the welfare of European citizens and contributing to Europe's competitiveness''.This acknowledgement derives from already existing EU research policies.With the coming of information and knowledge period, human capital is dominating the direction and process of the company.Therefore, there is a problem to be solved.How can we ensure the steady accumulation of human capital in the continuous development of the company?The accumulation of human capital can be done in two ways.On the one hand, each person's intelligence and skills will improve in economic activities without the pressure of production.On the other hand, we can accumulate the human capital through learning-by-doing in work, attending training courses, having foreign exchange learning.In contemporary society, when employees take part in the company, plenty of companies will use the second way to improve their skills.So how do we manage human capital in organizations?
By acknowledging this situation， more and more scholars study human capital through the following four aspects.With regular and random networks being considered, an agent model has been introduced to investigate the influence of the agents' social network [1].By overcoming the traditional fragmentation of specific research field, the case of the Theme Teams has been analyzed to develop the researchers' human capital [2].A brief overview of human capital research that summarizes its evolution and current areas of emphasis has been first demonstrated [3].Consequently, it is necessary to generalize "traditional" network theory by developing a frame work and associated tools to study multilayer systems in a comprehensive fashion [4].
We find no empirical analysis of the relationship for human capital and multilayer networks.However, we can study the relationship between them from the following four aspects.1) We need to calculate the human capital of each department in ICM.And through the objective link of human capital, we can establish the network model based on the human capital.
2) Based on Question one, we need to establish a mathematical model to describe the dynamic process of human capital network.The dynamic process consists of organizational churn and direct and indirect effects on the organization's productivity.Next, we analyze our organization's budget requirements for talent management in terms of σ for both recruiting and training over the next 2 years through the dynamic model.
3) By using the dynamic model in Question two, we can study whether ICM can sustain position's integrity rate of 80% or not when the annual churn rate for all positions reaches 25%?How about churn rate of 35%?And we analyze the costs of these higher turnover rates and the indirect effects caused by these high 4) We should simulate the impact on the junior managers and experienced supervisors when churn rate arrives at 30%.And then we have to explain the impact of the HR health condition of the organization in that situation to the ICM HR supervisor.

The Overall Analysis of the Problem
Building an organization filled with good, talented, well-trained people is one of the keys to success.In order to achieve this, an organization not only needs to recruit and hire the best candidates, but also they need to retain good people, keep them properly trained and place them in proper positions, and eventually target new hires to replace those leaving the organization.All members in the team play a specific role.Therefore, the departure of individuals from an organization leaves important informational and functional components missing that need to be replaced.
Through analysis, we can know that there is an objective link among employees.So we can construct a complex network model to study the impact on the entire complex relationship network system of ICM when staff turnover occurs.What's more, we can take advantage of large complex network analysis tool to dynamically analyze and deal with the whole complex network model.And we can eventually give advice to the human resource management of ICM.
At last, we show our research ideas through this flow chart (Figure 1).

The VP Branch to Demonstrate the Complex Network
For question one, to make it easier to demonstrate the method of building a complex network, we select a branch of ICM including each level department as an example, so that we can analyze the general situation of human capital network in ICM.We define the total cost of company's paying for employees, average annual salary rate of employees and the value of the employees' returning to the company, and then we build their interrelationships to calculate the human capital value.

Definition of the Human Capital Value
We believe that companies will pay a certain costs when hiring employees.Besides, we also need to spend some expenditure on training, education, health care and other related investment items in order to make employees give better service to our company.This part of expense together with recruitment cost forms the total cost of company's spending on employees.Employees in different positions will produce different values.A part of the values will feed back to employees themselves, while the rest of the values will return to our company.It is worth mention that the part of values returning to company should be greater than the total cost of company's paying for employees to ensure the input-output regulations, which is shown in Figure 2.
According to the mentioned above, we can obtain the relational expression below.
The return of employees + Average annual salary = Human capital For simplicity, we set b As x + = that b a > .
We define two rates to represent the employees' satisfaction rate and company's satisfaction rate.Among the equation, i represents the order of hierarchy, j represents the order of department in the floor of i. when employees are not satisfied with their present condition in our company, they will possibly leave the company.So, employees' satisfaction can be expressed as follows, According to the relationships above, the human capital value can be expressed as follows,

The Assumption of the Position Status of Each Department
We assume that we have already known the position status of each department in the hierarchical structure example (rigid structure mentioned in the title) we have selected just now.
In modern society, we pursue for maximizing the work efficiency and minimize the cost of human capital investment in the enterprise, so the setting of position in each department is relatively stable.Combining with the actual business administration science, we make reasonable assumptions on the quantity of position of departments in each hierarchy of the selected branch, which is showed as Table 2 and Table 3.
We will figure out the human capital value of each department in the selected branch based on the calculation formula of the human capital value.
As for the calculation of a, we should combine with Table 1 in the title, and convert the time cost on the recruitment into opportunity cost measured by money, which can be shown as follows,

Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model of Euclidean Distance's Calculation
Fuzzy mathematics is the mathematics researching and treating with fuzziness  phenomena.With the development of the society, the problems that people research and solve by math are increasingly complex, which is hard to become precise [5].So it's hard to research and describe the internal link between different matters by accurate math.The human capital in the enterprise management is an evaluation problem involved in the multiple factors.In addition, there will be inevitable fuzziness problem in the process of evaluation.Therefore, we should make fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of human capital value and then figure out the close degree between different departments, so that we can draw the complicated relation among various departments.

Membership
We can eliminate the subjectivity occurred in the process of evaluation and the fuzziness phenomena encountered objectively by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is usually carried out as follows.
Establish judgment sets namely { } We respectively describe the membership degree of each element relative to judgment sets U with membership degree, and consequently reach the evaluation matrix of single factor.
( ) Among the evaluation matrix, i ij S represents the first grade indicator of i's second grade of l's membership degree of opinion rating, i represents the amount of the first grade indicator, k represents the second grade's amount of the first grade of i and n represents the amount of judging concentration comments.The meaning and method for evaluating of i lj S are as follows, Above all, we should judge every factor and then aggregate several remarks of every sub factor ij v by statistics.The remarks consist of 1 u grade remark with the amount of u grade remark with the amount of 2 ij v and n u grade remark with the amount of ijn v .So the degree of sub factor floor's indicator at- taching to the k u grade remark is membership degree.Thus the membership degree's vector quantity of the sub factor floor's indicator ij v is as follows, , , ,

First Class Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
We use fuzzy operator to ascertain fuzzy relation matrix ) is the ranking weight vector of the first grade indicator's subordination to the second grade indicator.

The Opinion Rating of the Evaluation Object
According to the maximum membership principle, we ascertain the opinion rating of the evaluation object.If  From the calculation of steps mentioned above, we obtain the close degree basing on the human capital value of selected various department, the tidied results is showed as Table 4.

The VP's Branch Network of Human Capital
We establish the fuzzy synthetic evaluation model to calculate Euclidean distance.
Besides, by the programming of Pajek, we use the powerful visualization tools to build three-dimensioned reference frame.We can see it clearly as follows (Figure 3).

Dynamic Complex Network Model of Human Capital
In the first task, we have established the human capital network model.For enterprises, human capital flows into the (I), through the (II) and outflows (III) of three kinds of main forms.We can see this process in the model below (Figure 4).
In this model, the ICM and its individuals have experienced three stages all the process.ICM has the right to fire employees.Individuals also have rights to be a member of ICM.But for ICM staff, when their satisfaction is lower than a certain value, they have the right to choose to leave.At this time, the churn rate for all positions will rise.As is known to us, it is not easy to estimate the interpersonal relationship.When people leave for other jobs, other employees will be influenced.It will cause higher staff turnover rate and reduce the efficiency of organization.Therefore, human capital network can be described as a dynamic process,   we can build dynamic complex networks to study the flow of the organization, and the effects of the flow on the efficiency of organization.

Time-Varying Complex Dynamical Network Model and Preliminaries
In this section, we consider a complex dynamical network consisting of N nonlinearly coupled different nodes, with each node being an i n -dimensional ( ) [6].The proposed time-varying dynamical network is described as, ( ) where are the state vector and the control input of node i, respectively.For smooth nonlinear vector fields, ( ) where δ is called as the coupling coefficients common bound.
Assumption 1.Consider the parameters given in the time-varying network (1).Without loss of generality, the first node is taken as the reference node.
There exist N state feedbacks ( ) ( ) , we can find the compatible ( ) ) ) x α ϕ can be obtained.In general, many controllers i u can satisfy (3) and (4).

Exponential Synchronization for the Time-Varying Network
In real-world networks, although it is often difficult to obtain the exact information about coupling coefficients, it is easy to get the coupling coefficients common bound.Hence, the objective of this section is to synthesize appropriate decentralized state-feedback controllers ( ) for network (1), which guarantee the network (1) can realize exponential synchronization [7].
For simplicity, denote ( ) and the synchronous errors between node i and node j be as follows, Assumption 1.The coupling coefficients common bound is available, that is, the parameter δ in (2) is known. where k η ∈ ℜ are both designing positive constants.
Proof.For simplicity, notice that ( ) ( ) We can get the error dynamics for the networks (1) with controllers ( 5) and ( 7) as follows.
where , 1, 2, , Choose the Lyapunov functional candidate as, ( ) Then, with Equation ( 8), the time derivative of ( ) V t along the trajectories of error dynamics ( According to Equation (5) and Equation (10), it can be deduced that 0 V <  .

Numerical Example
The Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) dynamical system is a well-known model of neuronal activity [8], which can exhibit rich firing behaviors [7].In what follows, we consider a network with N = 10 different-dimensional HR neurons, where the dynamics of each uncontrolled isolated node is as follows, ( ) ( ) where a, b, c, d are the constant parameters that govern the dynamics of the neural system.The variable 1 i x is a voltage associated to the membrane poten- tial, variable 2 i x although in principle associated to a recovery current of fac- tions has dimensions of voltage, variable 3 i x is a slow adaptation current asso- ciated to slow ions, variable 4 i x represents an even slower process than 3 i x variable, respectively.
In order to estimate costs reasonably, we consider hired employees as inflow of human capital in the dynamic network.Then, we allocate the recruitment of personnel according to the original proportion of the various positions.The churn rate of ICM is 18%.Owing to the time-varying complex dynamical network model and exponential synchronization model, the organization's recruitment rate is 8.6%.Combined with the organization of the ICM position configuration status, we can get the recruitment of staff situation as follows.
Combined with Table 1 and Table 5, we can calculate ICM recruitment and training budgets of 34.22σ.

Assumption and Reasonable Explanation of the Model
• There will be job vacancy due to the employee turnover.Under the circumstances, ICM prefers to recruit new staff whose professional ability is similar with the ones leaving the company from the outside in order to keep the service behavior of work group in ICM as steady as possible.

Explanation
Staff turnover of every enterprise is inevitable and the loss of staff is bound to bring job vacancies.There are usually two methods to fill the job vacancy, external recruitment and promotion of internal employees.The external recruitment has the advantage of being able to hire experienced employees in given position, so that the new employees can involve themselves in this position quickly.
Meanwhile, the department's schedule can also operate normally according to Based on the assumption mentioned above, the integrity of the staff is only related to staff turnover rate named ν and hiring rate named µ .

The Specific of Full Status for Positions
On the basis of human capital's dynamic complex network model, we use the visualization tools of Pajek to make analogue simulation on selected research object's human capital flow condition [9].

The Simulation Result When the Changing Rate Is 25%
We study whether the research object can maintain position integrity of 80% when the churn rate of the employees reaches 25%.
We let the changing churn rate be 25%.Owing to the time-varying complex dynamical network model, we can know the recruitment rate 10.31% µ = at this moment.Next, we let the position's integrity degree of 80% be a screened threshold value δ , and we can get the emulation results as Figure 5 shows.
In Figure 5, the green points represent the departments that can pass the threshold value.In other words, these parts can maintain the degree of position integrity above 80% on the condition that churn rate is 25%.The red points represent the departments that can't pass the threshold value.That is to say, these Figure 5.The overall situation of department when staff turnover rate is 25%.Chart source: organize by the author.parts can't maintain the degree of position integrity above 80% when the churn rate is 25%.
From Figure 5, we can reach the research object's condition of position integrity when the churn rate is 25%, which is shown as Table 6.

The Simulation Result When the Changing Rate Is 35%
We study whether the research object can maintain position integrity of 80% when the changing churn rate of the employees is 35%.
When the changing churn rate is 35%, according to the time-varying complex dynamical network model, we can know the recruitment rate 14.66% µ = . Besides, we let threshold value δ be 80%.By the visualization tools of Pajek, we get the emulation results as Figure 6 shows.
In a similar way, we can reach the research object's condition of position integrity when the churn rate is 35%, which is showed as Table 7.
Compared with Table 6, the research object can almost not maintain its position integrity of 80% when the churn rate is 35%.We can see that the degree of position integrity is lower with the higher churn rate of human capital.At such a high churn rate of employees of 35%, most of the departments of ICM can't guarantee its degree of position integrity above 80%, in which case we may think the human resource condition of ICM is very unhealthy at this moment.

The Bad Influence of High Staff Changing Churn Rate on Enterprise
From above analysis, the high staff churn rate is of great harm to an enterprise and has a direct effect on the following points: 1) Affecting the staff morale of ICM.The departure of an employee will affect Figure 6.The overall situation of department when staff turnover rate is 35%.Chart source: organize by the author.the morale of several employees because the departed one tends to make negative remarks about the enterprise in public.
2) Increasing the operating costs of ICM.With the departure of the former employees, there must be some new employees needed, which will invisibly increase the recruitment costs and training costs.At the same time the efficiency and job performance of newcomers are low, which makes the operating costs high all the time.
3) Influencing the team efficiency of ICM.Human resource shortages caused by employee churn will directly affect the team efficiency of ICM.
4) Affecting the long-term development of ICM.High rate of staff churn will certainly lead to a decline in the overall level of enterprise's talent, and consequently lead to the decline of enterprises' competitiveness.And the decline of the enterprise's competitiveness is bound to affect the long-term development of the enterprise.

The Direct and Indirect Costs of High Turnover Rate
The high churn rate of staff will certainly bring a high rate of staff turnover and the high turnover rate is bound to increase the cost of human resources.So we can roughly divide this costs into direct costs and indirect costs:

Direct Costs of High Turnover Rate
1) Recruitment costs mainly include: the preparation, screening resumes, interviewing costs, the cost of preparation for hiring and handling the recruitment procedures etc.
2) Training costs mainly include: pre-post training preparation, training materials, training management costs etc.
3) Costs that internal staff to fill job vacancies mainly include: the cost of internal staff to fill job vacancies, additional overtime working costs, the costs that executives coordinate to complete the work etc. 4) Costs during the new employees adapting to the position.When employees come to a new position, there must be an adjustment period.And in this period, the enterprise still needs to pay wages, which undoubtedly increases the enterprise's costs.the other staff to leave the company like domino.What's more there will be a process of consideration before they leave the job.During the process, employees will inevitably look for colleagues to discuss and naturally affect the emotion of other employees, which will reduce the efficiency of team cooperation.
2) Costs caused by the lack of reserve forces of enterprise.The frequent staff churn makes it difficult to select the middle managers because of the lack of talents, thereby making the enterprise unable to fill the middle-level position vacancies inside if they select senior personnel from the mid-level position, which will cause a shortage of talent.Eventually it will influence the echelon building of enterprise.
3) Costs caused by the leaks of important secrets.These important secrets are about technology, loss of customer resources, the re-use of management methods etc.

Assumption and Reasonable Explanation of the Model
• Due to the employee turnover, ICM fill the job vacancy only by promoting internal employees without external recruitment.
For this assumption, we try to consider ICM as a completely closed system and there is the output but no input of the human capital in this system.So we can better research and analyze the flow condition of internal human resources in ICM.
• The internal promotion of ICM is in strict accordance with rigid structure of position, that is to say, the position of the upper hierarchy can only be replaced by the position of lower hierarchy just adjacent to the upper one, and there is no Great promotion.
As we all know, the condition of the Great promotion is relatively rare in reality.There are certain obstacles among hierarchical structures of enterprise.The obstacles can be divided into ability obstacle, experience obstacle and communication.The bigger the hierarchical span is, the more obviously the obstacles perform, which is the objective law existed in enterprise management.Therefore the assumption is relatively close to reality.
For example, the vacant position, senior manager can only be replaced by the lower position or experienced supervisor.In addition, when the employee turnover occurs, the vacant position will be soon filled with personnel qualified to promote.This process doesn't cost any time and it continues until no second-string employees can be promoted.

The Display of ICM Staff's Flow Simulation Results
On the basis of human capital's dynamic complex network model, we use the visualization tools of Pajek to make analogue simulation of the next two years' flow condition on 5 junior managers and 15 experienced supervisors of the research objects.In this way, we make simulation of changing condition during the two years on 5 junior managers of research objects.First, we set the churn rate as 30%.Based on the assumptions above, we can know that the present recruitment rate is 0. Second, we set the threshold value (the integrity rate of the bottom employees) as 85%, 70% and 50%，respectively.And then through the simulation by Pajek, we get the results as Figure 7 shows.
In Figure 7, the red point means that the position is vacant in the i'th year.If we only consider the employee promotion, then there is no one qualified to fill the position.The green point means that there is someone in the position of the i'th year.

The Simulation Model of Integrity Degree for Experienced Supervisors
In a similar way, we make simulation of changing condition during the two years on 15 experienced supervisors of research objects.First, we set the churn rate as 30%.On the base of the assumptions above, we can know that the present recruitment rate is 0. Second, we set the threshold value as 85%, 70% and 50%, respectively.And then through the simulation of the visualization tools of Pajek, we get the results as Figure 8 shows.

The Summary of These Two Simulation Models
We sort out the results of Figure 7 and Figure 8, and consequently get the Table 8 and Table 9.
From the Figure 7, we can obtain the position's integrity condition of research object named junior managers in different position's integrity degree, which is shown in Table 8.
From the Figure 7, in a similar way, the position's integrity condition of research object named experienced supervisor has been got.We can see it in Table 9.
Under normal conditions, ICM usually has 85% of its 370 positions filled at any time.So we may think it is healthy when the position's integrity degree of     research object is above 85%.However, from the results we can see that when the churn rate reaches 30%, the selected research object is difficult to reach healthy condition even the integrity rate of the bottom employees is merely kept at the lever of 50%.At last, we draw the conclusion that at the churn rate of 30%, the human resource organization is in an unhealthy condition of constant employee

Testing the Model
According to the calculation formula of human capital, the value of human capital can be expressed as the following form, ( ) Aiming at each factor of the formula, we study the effect on human capital value when these factors change in the same ratio while the other factors keep unchanged.For easy figures, we set each factor's changing ratio as the same values of 10%.And the each factor's raw value of the formula is set as follows, 80%, 70%,

The Sensitivity Index of Churn Rate of the Employees to the Human Capital Value
The changing churn rate of the employees is ( ) δ δ ′ = × + .The changing human capital value is ( ) The changing ratio of human capital value is 1 x x x λ ′ − = .
So, the sensitivity index of churn rate of the employees to the human capital value is

The Sensitivity Index of the Satisfaction Rate
The changing satisfaction rate of the company is ( )

The Sensitivity Index of the Other Five Factors
In a similar way, we can obtain that the sensitivity index of the amount of employees of each hierarchy to the human capital value

The Comparison of the Sensitivity Index's Absolute Value
Comparing their absolute value, we can obtain that In combination with the results above, we can draw the conclusion that: to maximize the human capital value, we should mainly focus on distribution of every lever's quantity of employees carefully.What's more, we should also try to

δ
Churn rate of the employeesChart source: organize by the author.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The flow chart of the analysis of problems.Chart source: organize by the author.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The allocation of human capital.Chart source: organize by the author.

e
is the vector quantity's K'th component.According to the maximum membership principle of fuzzy mathematics, the evaluation result of the evaluation object belongs to grade of K.At last, we figure out the Euclidean distance between different grades.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The VP's Branch network of human capital.Chart source: organize by the author.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The human capital flow process.

Remark 1 .
It is not difficult to find the state-feedback controllers

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The full status for positions of junior manager.Chart source: organize by the author.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The full status for positions of experienced supervisors.Chart source: organize by the author.
sensitivity index of employees' average annual salary rate for given lever to the human capital value is of average annual training cost to the human capital val- say, the amount of employees of each hierarchy has greatest influence on human capital value, while the satisfaction rate of the company has the least influence.Besides, the median time to recruit has the same influence as employees' average annual salary rate on human capital value.It's clear that the sensitivity index of churn rate of the employees is a negative number.But the other factors' sensitivity indexes are all positive number.It suggests that the increase of employees' churn rate will reduce the human capital value.However, the other factors' influence on the human capital is positive.

Table 1 .
Variables and definitions.

Table 2 .
The personnel assignment of the VP branch (a).

Table 3 .
The personnel assignment of the VP branch (b).

Table 4 .
The Euclidean distance of staff offices.

Table 5 .
The number of staff recruitment.But we will take some risks if we promote internal cadres.Because the internal promoted employees are usually inexperienced in a new position and whether he can reach the work efficiency of previous employee or not is unknown.Only from work efficiency's point of view, it will reduce the work efficiency of the departments and increase the risk of turnover to replace the vacant position with internal promoted employees.
Chart source: organize by the author.X. Wang DOI: 10.4236/me.2019.101021323 Modern Economy the previous work pace.

Table 6 .
The overall situation of department when staff turnover rate is 25%.Over 80% CEO, Program manager, Director 1, Director 3, Branch B, Branch C, Branch E, Branch F Under 80% VP, Production manager, Director 2, Branch A, Branch D, Branch G Chart source: organize by the author.

Table 7 .
The overall situation of department when staff turnover rate is 35%.

Indirect Costs of High Turnover Rate
1) Costs caused by the flagging morale.The departure of one staff will make

Model of Integrity Degree for Junior Managers 7.2.1. The Status Quo of ICM
ICM is now facing a serious problem.ICM recognizes that middle managers (ju-

Table 8 .
The full status for positions of junior manager.
Chart source: organize by the author.

Table 9 .
The full status for positions of experienced supervisor.