Clinical and Therapeutic Management of Male Infertility in Thies , Senegal

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and therapeutic aspects of male subfertility in the Region of Thies. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective and analytical study involving patients followed for subfertility over a period of 4 years from January 2013 to November 2017 at the level of 3 health structures in the region of Thies. Results: During the period, we collected 201 patients. The average age was 38 ± 8.4 years with a greater distribution in the age group 30-39 years. Primary subfertility was predominant with 81.1% of cases. The average duration was 5 years. We found a history of urethritis (4%) and orchiepididymitis (2.5%). Thirty-three percent of patients presented a varicocele (67 cases). Cryptorchidism was recorded in 2% of cases, testicular hypotrophy in 18.4% and testicular atrophy in 1.5%. The spermogram identified oligospermia-like abnormalities in 40.8% of cases, azoospermia 22.4%, and hypospermia 4%. For the qualitative abnormalities, we recorded cases of asthenospermia in 60.2% of the cases or 121 patients, a necrospermia 58.2% and a teratospermia 20.4%. A combination of these abnormalities was also reported as astheno-necrospermia in 19.4% of cases, oligo-astheno-necrospermia 14.4%, oligo-asthenotera-necrospermia 10% and oligo astero-teratospermia in 2.5%. An assessment of FSH, LH and testosterone was performed in 5.9% of the cases, or 12 patients. Varicocelectomy was performed in 68.4% of cases 19 patients, and (medically) assisted procreation in 2 patients. We recorded 13 cases of pregnancy. Conclusion: Male hypofertility is a real problem of management, and requires a particular approach.


Introduction
Male hypofertility is an inability for a couple to become pregnant after at least 12 months of unprotected sex, for which the male is responsible [1].These sexual intercourses must be normal in frequency and quality within a couple living regularly together [2].Spousal hypofertility is a more frequent reason for consultation in daily practice.At present, the number of subfertile couples is estimated at between 60 and 80 million, or about 15% of couples of childbearing age [3] [4].Responsibility is shared with a big part imputed to the man, however, in our context, there is an empirical belief that the woman bears all the responsibility.Moreover, in the literature, it is clearly established a male responsibility of at least 60% of cases divided as follows: 20% of cases of exclusively male origin and 40% of mixed origin [5].The difficulty concerns the recruitment of patients and the coordination of different authors at the level of reference centers during the study period.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of male subfertility in the Region of Thies.

Patients and Methods
This is a retrospective and analytical study over a period of 4 years from January 1, 2013 to November 30, 2017.This study was carried out in the main urology centers of the region including the regional hospitals of Thies, Saint Jean de Dieu and EPS of Mbour.The study resulted in the collection of 201 patients.Patients followed in these services for subfertility dating at least 1 year were included.Pa-

Results
Our study made it possible to collect 201 patients.More than half were recruited in the city of Thies at Saint Jean of God and Regional hospital with 116 patients, or 57.7%.The rest of the patients were registered in Mbour with 42.3% of cases.
The average age was 38 years old with extremes ranging from 24 to 63 years old for a standard deviation of 8.4.Hypofertility was more common in the 30 -39 age group (Figure 1).
The circumstances of discovery were not specified in 16.4% (n = 33).Nearly Open Journal of Urology half of the patients were referred by a gynecologist (42.3%) (n = 85).The patients came of their own will in 33.8% of the cases (n = 68).They were referred by a paramedic (midwife or nurse) in 4% of cases or a general practitioner in 3% of cases (Figure 2).Subfertility was primary in 81.1% (n = 163) and secondary in 18.9% of cases.
Primary hypofertility predominated in all centers (Figure 3).The average duration was 5 years with extremes of 1 to 30 years and a standard deviation of 4.5 (Figure 4).
We found an orchiepididymitis in 5 patients or 2.5% and urethritis in 8 patients or 4% of cases.HTA was found in 6 patients, or 3% of cases.Four patients underwent a testicular lowering during childhood.An inguinal hernia repair was noted in 3 patients, 1.5% of cases.One patient was operated on hypospadias.The antecedent of familial hypofertility was found in 2% of the cases, or 4 patients.
Hypofertile brothers were found in 1.5% of cases.The notion of smoking was found in 11 patients or 5, 5% of cases and alcoholism in 3 patients is 1, 5% of cases.Pesticide poisoning was noted in 5 patients, or 2.5%.Herbal medicine was mentioned by 9 patients or 4.5% of cases for an average of 6 months.
Astheno-necrospermia was the association most found in 19.4% of cases (n = 39).It is followed by oligo-astheno-necrospermia and oligo-astheno-terato-necrospermia with respectively 14.4% and 10% of cases (Figure 6).The duration of follow-up of the patients varied between 1 and 4 years.A spermogram of control between 3 and 9 months was performed in all patients after treatment.We found 16 cases of normalization of all spermatic parameters.
In 28% of patients, there was deterioration of the spermogram and in 30% of the cases improvement of it.In the follow-up we recorded 13 pregnancies including 11 live births.

Discussion
Male responsibility for infertility is well known.In the literature, this responsibility is in 20% of the cases exclusive to the man and shared in 40% of the cases [5].It poses a real problem in the stability of a couple especially in our context where the birth of a child represents a decisive phase in married life.
Patients are usually young adults in the 30 and 50 age groups.Indeed, Niang [6] found an average age of 39 years and a predominance of the age group 30-45 years as well as Sakande [7] with an average of 37 years and an age group more represented between 30 and 39 years.Wallerand [8] found an average age of 34 years.They are also comforted by the work of Diallo [9] which has found substantially the same results.Eisenberg [10] found an average age of 35 years ± 5.8 with a clear predominance in the age group 30 -39 years or 60.7%.These results are comparable to those found in our study with an age range of 30 -39 years with an average age of 38 years.
The most frequent professional classes were teachers followed by drivers.Benazzouz [11], on the other hand, found significantly different results with the workers at 38% as the most frequent professional class followed by civil servants with 32%, while Sakande [7] had in these works traders as the main professional category with 45%, followed by workers 21% and farmers in 16% of cases.
The circumstances of discovery are variable.In the majority of cases, it is the man who comes to be consulted after that of the woman.Indeed, the woman is much more inclined to design problems during the first years of marriage.But the main reason is that in our context, the woman is stigmatized by the circle that makes her bear the exclusive responsibility.This finding is justified by most authors who agreed that the woman usually consults first in the context of spousal sub-fertility.In our study, nearly half of the patients (42.3%) were referred to urology after consulting the woman in a gynecologist.More rarely, the patient comes alone for consultation as part of a subfertility assessment.There is a lack of information concerning the involvement of men in the couple's subfertility.Therefore, the consultation should be simultaneous which would allow to quickly locate the responsibilities and to allow an efficient management.Primary subfertility predominated in our study with 81.1% of cases.This observation is unanimous in several authors like Benazzouz [11] and Sakande [7] who found respectively 72% and 75%.
There is a delay in consultation correlated with the lengthening of the duration of the subfertility.The average duration of hypofertility found in our series is 5 years.Punab [12] and Wallerand [8] found an average duration of respectively 3.1 years and 2.6 years which is lower than that of our study.This average, which is quite similar to the various African studies, confirms the delay taken by men before consulting alone or with a partner for a subfertility.
We found in our series, a history of two types of urethritis in 4% and orchiepididymitis in 2.5% of patients.Huyghe [13] found a prevalence of urethritis at 59.7% of cases.
Tobacco can be the cause of male subfertility by significantly decreasing the count, mobility and normal forms with increased spermatozoa with elongated head [14].This is the case of Diallo [9] and Sakande [7] who found a significant number of smoking patients respectively 22.9% and 32.5% of cases.However, the mechanism of occurrence is not fully understood.
Traditional treatment is the first resort of subfertile couples in our context.This finding was also reported by Niang [6] with a rate of 48.8% of patients having first performed traditional treatment.
Cryptorchidism is very common in hypofertile men.Moreover, a study by Fall B. [15] showed that male subfertility was the main circumstance for the discovery of cryptorchidism.A decrease in testicular volume was found in 19.9% of patients with a significant predominance of testicular hypotrophy (18.4%) or more than 15 times the rate of patients with testicular atrophy (1.5%).This predominance of hypotrophy was also found in primary and secondary infertility.These results are superior to those found by Nevoux P [16], who found a testicular decrease in 11% of men with subfertility.On the other hand, the proportion of patients with a testicular decrease having a varicocele found by Fall B. [15] (63.6%) is superior to ours (35%) The search for varicocele is fundamental in the clinical evaluation of a hypofertile man.It was found in 33.3% of cases.This result is below that given by the AFU is 40% of cases [13].Loposso et al. [17] found a varicocele in 64.6%.A prevalence of 35.4% comparable to ours has been found in the work of PUNAB in Estonia [12].
There is a correlation between varicocele, decreased testicular volume and Open Journal of Urology hypofertility.For Louis [18], the relationship between varicocele and decreased testicular volume is well established.The exact pathophysiology of the lesions induced by varicocele is not fully understood [6].Asthenospermia was the most common abnormality in our series, 60.2% of the cases, and 22.4 patients had azoospermia.These rates are comparable to those found by Menkveld [19] 23%.For Muratorio [20], asthenospermia represented 55.9% of cases and that of necrospermia 58.2%.
Boivin [21] noted an improvement in mobility and a decrease in the percentage of morphological abnormalities after varicocele cure.Fisher JRW [22] found a significant improvement in the quality of spermatogenesis in patients with oligospermia after varicocelectomy.
Therapeutic follow-up is also important, it must be done regularly to judge the effectiveness of the treatment [23] [24].The limits of our study mainly concern the observance of the treatment, the modest income of the patients not allowing them to benefit from assisted procreation.

Conclusion
The male responsibility in the subfertility is proven.Several factors must be taken into account for a better understanding of the problem.Careful research of these factors will facilitate therapeutic orientation.Better information will reduce the consultation time.A consultation among the gynecologists, the urologists and the biologists must be set up to facilitate the simultaneous treatment of the couple and also to popularize the methods of medical procreation assisted to the profile of the population.
tients who were lost to follow-up or incomplete files were excluded.Parameters studied: age, duration of desire for paternity, type of subfertility, medical-surgical history, clinical examination data, spermogram results, hormonal assays, ultrasound data, treatment initiated and follow-up of the patient.Patients were followed over a period of 1 to 3 years.The forms were completed by running a file or by direct interview.The varicocele course consisted of a classic inguinal top followed by ligation of the dilated veins Data was entered and analyzed on the 2010 version of Microsoft Excel software and IBM SPSS software.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution of patients by age group.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Distribution of patients according to the circumstances of discovery.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Distribution of the workforce by centers and type of infertility.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Distribution of patients by duration of subfertility.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The associations of anomalies with spermogram.
Primary infertility was accompanied by varicocele in 27.3%, the location was bilateral in 16.9% (n = 34) and unilateral in 10.4% (n = 21).While secondary infertility was accompanied by varicocele in 6% (n = cases, the location is bilateral in 2.5% of cases and unilateral in 3.5%.
80.1% of patients (n = 161) the testis was normal size.A unilateral or bilateral found in 67 patients, or 33.3% of patients.It was bilateral in 19.4% (n = 39) and unilateral in 13.9% (n = 28).For unilateral varicoceles, left-sided involvement was predominant.Open Journal of Urology Oligospermia was present in varicocele carriers at 17.4% compared with 22.9% in non-carriers.Azoospermia was more widely reported in non-varicocele carriers at 16.4% than in others (Figure Spermoculture has found a germ in 2% of cases (n = 4).These germs were Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, or gram negative.Hormones (FSH, LH and testosterone) were measured in patients with azoospermia or severe oligospermia in 44 patients(22.4%).FSH was increased in 10 cases or 22.2% of cases of azoospermia.