The “ Ocean Stabilization Machine ” May Represent a Primary Factor Underlying the Effect of “ Global Warming on Climate Change ”

Contemporary references to global warming pertain to the dramatic increase in monthly global land surface temperature (GLST) anomalies since 1976. In this paper, we argue that recent global warming is primarily a result of natural causes; we have established three steps that support this viewpoint. The first is to identify periodic functions that perfectly match all of the monthly anomaly data for GLST; the second is to identify monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that are located within different ocean basin domains and highly correlated with the monthly GLST anomalies; and the third is to determine whether the dramatically increasing (or dramatically decreasing) K-line diagram signals that coincide with GLST anomalies occurred in El Niño years (or La Niña years). We have identified 15,295 periodic functions that perfectly fit the monthly GLST anomalies from 1880 to 2013 and show that the monthly SST anomalies in six domains in different oceans are highly correlated with the monthly GLST anomalies. In addition, most of the annual dramatically increasing GLST anomalies occur in El Niño years; and most of the annual dramatically decreasing GLST anomalies occur in La Niña years. These findings indicate that the “ocean stabilization machine” might represent a primary factor underlying the effect of “global warming on climate change”.


Introduction
Global climate changes are controlled by major periodic factors that represent basic principles in climatology, such as solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and oceans.A number of scientists subjectively consider that the recent dramatic upward trends in monthly GLST anomalies represent non-periodic and irreversible changes and postulate that warming related to the global greenhouse effect has primarily been caused by anthropogenic emissions.However, with the decline of global warming, an increasing number of scientists have started to question this view [1]- [12].There are two primary methods challenging the hypothesis that recent global warming is caused by anthropogenic emissions: the first method is to prove that the recent dramatic upward trend of monthly GLST anomalies is periodic, and the second method is to link global warming to major factors in nature.In our opinion, the oceans on this planet can be vividly called "ocean stabilization machines" (OSM).When some parts of an OSM lose control for unknown reasons, other parts of the OSM function stabilize the atmospheric circulation.As a result, El Niño or La Niña events occur.According to this viewpoint, in the historical data of the monthly SST anomalies, we would find out some significant information.Therefore, we work out a research plan to confirm our viewpoint.We first developed a numerical functional analysis method to identify periodic functions that perfectly fit the monthly GLST anomalies from 1880 to 2013.This study can make us clearly to understand the nature of the dramatic rises signals of monthly GLST anomalies.Second, we defined El Niño and La Niña years based on the K-line diagram technique [13] because the ENSO phenomenon is the strongest year-to-year climate fluctuation on our planet and produces worldwide impacts to both natural systems and human societies [14] [15].Third, we calculated the correlation coefficients between the monthly GLST anomalies and the monthly gridded sea surface temperature (SST) data anomalies obtained from the Hadley Centre for the period 1880 to 2007.This study can help us to know whether there were some dramatic rises signals existed in the historical data of the monthly SST anomalies.This information would help us to link the monthly GLST anomalies with oceans.Fourth, we have analyzed the monthly GLST anomaly data using the K-line diagram technique to determine if the annual dramatic upward (or downward) monthly GLST anomaly signals are highly associated with El Niño and La Niña years.

Data
In this paper, we use two sources of data: the first is SST data from Hadley climate center; the second is the monthly global land surface temperature (GLST) anomaly index data downloaded from the official website of NOAA.

The Numerical Functional Analysis Technique (NFAT)
For ease of explanation, the periodic functions in the NFAT were written using the following formula (1): where i a , i b and c are constant coefficients and t is time.

The K-Line Diagram Technique
The K-line diagram technique was developed in the 18th century and is widely used in the stock market to avoid random noise.This method provides a tool that investors can use to extract signals that occur before a sudden change in the price of a stock.Based on the extracted signals, investors purchase a stock at a low price and the sell stock at a high price, thereby earning a large amount of money.In the K-line technique, K-line diagrams are drawn using four-dimensional data according to the opening price, the maximum price, the minimum price and the closing period price.The diagrams are categorized into three types: Yang lines, Yin lines and crossed lines.

1) Using K-line diagram technique to draw annual GLST anomaly K-line diagram
A map of the K-line figures drawn using the monthly data to draw annual K-line diagram is called an annual K-line diagram.In mathematics, the four-dimensional data is needed to draw an annual K-line diagram.In this study, we define the four-dimensional composite data as follows.
The first dimension of the data is the monthly GLST anomalies in January; the second dimension is the monthly maximum GLST anomaly in a year; the third dimension is the monthly minimum GLST anomaly in a year; and the fourth dimension is the monthly GLST anomaly in December.that there is an upward force that is increasing the signal.e) Long Yang body with a shadow line above and below (E of Figure 1) If the monthly SST anomalies within a year are estimated as follows: Atmospheric and Climate Sciences Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec, −0.49, −0.3, −0.2, 0.2, 0.3, −0.6, 0.2, 0.3, 0.8, 0.3, 0.4, 0.49 the K-line diagram technique renders this information as a strong upward signal with an upward force in June and a resistance force in September; in addition, because the length the shadow line above is longer than the shadow line below, the resistance force is greater than the upward force.
The Long Yin line body below a shadow line (F of Figure 1), the Long Yin line body above a shadow line (G of Figure 1), and the Long Yin line body with both shadow lines (H of Figure 1) have similar meanings to that of the Yang body, and the only difference is that the direction of the main body is reversed.
The meanings of the Long Yang cross line (I of Figure 1) and the long Yin cross line (J of Figure 1) are similar, which suggests that the main signal is driven by two opposing factors.

The Study on If the Dramatic Signals of GLST to Be Periodical or Not
Figure 2. The verification results for 173,000 periodic functions and 15,295 special periodic functions.Note: (a) Verification results of 173,000 periodic functions during the final searching in NFAT system.Note that the x axis is the root of mean square error which is one of the verification quantities to check the simulated effect in numerical simulation study; y axis is the correlated coefficient which is also another quantity to check if two time series data match each other.(b) Verification results of 15,295 special functions in (a), which their coefficients are all greater than 0.9, and RMSE are all less than 0.2.
The correlated coefficient of the best function is 0.9034706; the RMSE is 0.03.
The high correlated coefficient and small RMSE means that the best function well fits the observed monthly GLST anomalies from 1880 to 2013.In science, if a function fits all the observed data quite well, we can use it to predict it in future.According to the values of the best function from 2014 to 2146, we can see that the downward trend for the monthly anomaly of GLST had already begun (although many people called it slowdown of global warming); it will reach underestimated.Thus, we amend our prediction as it will reach −0.6051˚C in 2111.

The Study on Monthly Dramatic Upward and Downward Signals between GLST Anomalies and SST Anomalies
As above-mentioned, the ENSO phenomenon is the strongest year-to-year climate fluctuation on our planet and produces worldwide impacts to both natural systems and human societies [14] [15].Therefore, it is significant to define El Niño and La Niña years [13].Due to that we have known which years are El  (1957,1972,1982,1994,1997,2006); only in two El Niño years (1965 and 2009), there were smaller upward signals (small yang lines ;also in red colors) of GLST anomalies; in the other two El Niño years (1991 and 2002), there are pseudo Yin line diagrams (in green colors), which means that GLST anomalies went upward in earlier months of the year, but GLST anomalies went downward to the low positions at the end of the year; furthermore, in most months of the year, the lowest position of the k-line diagram was still higher than the k-line diagrams in previous year.In ten of the twelve La Niña years (1955, 1964, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1988, 1998, 2007 and 2010), there are dramatic downward signals (long Yin lines; in green color boxes) of GLST anomalies; in 1954 and in 1999, the K-line diagrams of GLST anomalies are pseudo Yang lines (small Yang line; in red color box), which means that the of GLST anomalies went upwardly in the earlier month of the year, but went Atmospheric and Climate Sciences downward at low positions at the end of the year, and the k-line diagram was at lower position than that in previous year.
These results provided us with evidences which observed monthly GLST anomalies from 1950 to 2012 is highly correlated with ENSO, which support our viewpoint of ocean stabilization machine (OSM) [13].

Discussion
In science, when there are two or more ideas to be employed to explain the recent global warming, we always trust which can fit perfectly all the observed monthly anomaly of GLST from 1880 to now.Until now, no one claims that he can fit perfectly the observed monthly anomaly of GLST from 1880 to now as we do.We have found 15,295 periodic functions with NFAT, which their coefficients are all greater than 0.9, and RMSE are all less than 0.2; therefore, we have proved that the recent dramatic upward trend of GLST can still be periodic changes.The function with best verification result has also been employed to predict the future behavior of the monthly anomaly of GLST; we can see that the downward trend for the monthly anomaly of GLST had already begun; it will reach the lowest point at −0.6051˚C in 2111.
Due to that the above-mentioned evidences suggest that the dramatic monthly

Summary
In this paper, we have found that the dramatic upward rising signals can be perfectly fitted with periodic functions, which suggests that the major climate fac-

2 )
Different types of K-line diagrams The K-line diagrams show the different types of variations in GLSTs using different figures.In general, there are three categories of K-line diagrams: Yang line diagrams, crossed line diagrams and Yin line diagrams.To provide more specific information for readers, we have presented several examples to introduce the different types of K-line diagram signals.Figure 1 illustrates the different types of K-line diagram signals and presents the terminology used in the K-line diagram technique to describe the monthly SST anomalies.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Ten kinds of K-line diagrams.

Figure 2 (
Figure2(a) illustrates the verification results of 173,000 periodic functions identified during the final search of the NFAT system; the x axis displays the root mean square error between the values of functions and the monthly global land surface temperature (GLST) anomaly index data from 1880 to 2013, and the y axis displays the correlation coefficients between the values of functions and the monthly global land surface temperature (GLST) anomaly index data from 1880 to 2013.Figure2(b)shows the verification results of 15,295 distinct periodic functions from a total of 173,000 periodic functions.The verification results of the 15,295 distinct functions are provided in Figure2(a); the coefficients are all greater than 0.9, and the RMSE values are all less than 0.2.Figure3illustrates values of the best function (see formula 2) and the observed monthly GLST anomalies from 1880 to 2013 and shows the calculated results from 2014 to 2146.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The anomaly of global land surface temperature (1880-2013) and the fitting function value from 1880 to 2146.

Figure 4
Figure4illustrates the geographic distribution of the correlation coefficients between the GLST monthly anomalies and SST anomalies at all grid-points worldwide.We can see that the monthly anomaly of SST in six domains of oceans are highly correlated with the monthly anomaly of GLST: five domains marked as A, B, C, D and E are found to be high positively correlated with GLST; one domain marked as F is found negatively correlated with the monthly anomaly of GLST.In this figure, we have also marked the four box domains where SST data is used by climatologists to calculate NINO 1+2, NINO 3, NINO 3.4 and NINO 4 indices.In our opinion, if we desire to define the index for gauging El Niño (or La Niña) events, the NINO index should be in B domain where correlated coefficient is higher.Besides, to link the SST anomalies with ocean stabilization machine, the other domain such as A, C, D, E and F should be paid much more attentions.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The geographical correlated-coefficient fields between monthly SST anomalies and monthly global land surface temperature anomalies and four square areas for calculating NINO 1+2, NINO 3, NINO 3.4 and NINO 4.
anomaly of GLST can still be mainly controlled by periodic climate influence factors, the geographic distribution correlated coefficients between SST anomalies and the observed monthly anomaly of GLST have been calculated, we can see that the monthly anomaly of SST in six domains of oceans are highly correlated with the monthly anomaly of GLST: five domains marked as A, B, C, D and E are found to be high positively correlated with GLST; one domain marked as F is found negatively correlated with the monthly anomaly of GLST.This phenomenon has not yet found a suitable excuse to explain it, and requires further study.Furthermore, we noticed that the four domains to measure Nino 1+2, Nino 3, Nino 4 and Nino 3.4 are located at some latitude belts which the correlated coefficients between the monthly anomaly of GLST and the monthly anomaly of SST are about 0.2.In our opinion, if the NINO indices are defined including the B domain, it would better to link El Niño (or La Niña) events with global climate changes.Using the new terms of "El Niño years, La Niña years and normal years" based on the ocean stabilization machines (OSMs) viewpoint[13], we can find some very interesting phenomena: most dramatic upward k-line diagram signals occurred in El Niño years; most crashing downward k-line diagram signals occurred in La Niña years.These findings have effectively supported the OSM viewpoint: the oceans on this planet can be vividly called "ocean stabilization machines" (OSM).When some part of an OSM loses control for unknown reasons, other parts of the OSM stabilize the atmospheric circulation.As a result, El Niño or La Niña events occur.
tors can still be the main reason for the recent global climate warming, and the secondary climate factor such as anthropogenic emissions might be the secondary reason.If we use the best function to predict the future behaviour of GLST, we can know that the downward trend for the monthly anomaly of GLST had already begun, and it will reach −0.6051˚C in 2111.The correlation study tells us that the dramatic anomalies can be seen in SST fields of different oceans, which might be the results of OSM, and with the k-line diagram technique, we can see that most of the annual dramatically increasing GLST anomalies occur in El Niño years; and most of the annual dramatically decreasing GLST anomalies occur in La Niña years.These findings show us how OSM works.In a word, although there are many academic topics need to study further in future, we can still make a conclusion: "OSM" might play a very important role to cause global climate changes.