Anatomical Structure of Vegetative and Generative Organs of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Fam. Asteraceae)

The article provides information about the anatomical structure of the vegetative and generative organs grown in Tashkent conditions, and reveals the structural features: a mesomorphic leaf, a dorsi-central mesophyll type characteristic of dicotyledonous plants; stem beam type. A comparative analysis of the anatomical structure showed that the seed coat has a general plan of the structure with other members of the family Asteraceae.


Introduction
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. is an annual or biennial prickly plant of the Aster family (Asteraceae), widely distributed in Europe, North Africa and America, Australia, the Caucasus, the Middle and Central Asia. Its height reaches 1.5 -2 meters; the leaves are large, bright green and shiny. The whole plate of the leaf is covered with white spots and ridges of veins, from which a milky sap is released during the break. The edges of the leaves and veins of the collateral side have yellowish spines, as a result of which the plant in Russia is called "thistle" or "sharply-colored"; in English-speaking countries "milk thiestl" "lady s thistle" is "milk or female thistle"; seed fruit with a tuft.
Flowering and fruiting in May and June, the plant mainly grows in wheat crops, along irrigation canals and aryks, in weedy places [1].
Milk thistle is Silybum marianum, a folk remedy for liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, jaundice, bile duct diseases, and colic. The main active ingre- dients are flavonolignans (silybin, silicristin, silydianin) contained in the fruit. In addition, they contain saponins, fatty oil, proteins, vitamin K, resins, mucus, tyramine, histamine, as well as macro and microelements.
Other organs in the aerial parts of the plant also contain flavonoids and flavolignans, which exhibit hepatoprotective activity and they may well be pharmaceutical raw materials for the production of biologically active compounds (BAC).
Materials and Methods: To study the anatomical structure of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., samples were taken from the above-ground organs growing on the experimental plot of the Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances. The leaf, stem and fruit of the plant are fixed in 700-ethanol for anatomical examination. The structure of the leaf and its epidermis were studied on a dermal and transverse section. The epidermis is described by the method of S.F. Zakharevich [2]. The structure of the base of the stem and fruits is studied in cross sections. The preparations were prepared by hand, painted with methylene blue, safranin, and followed by gluing with glycerin-gelatin [3]. Microphotography was performed with a digital camera (brand A 2300 "Сanon").

Result and Discussion
Leaf: The leaves are thin, light green, spotty, on both sides very short pubescent, lateral lobes ovoid triangular, prickly-toothed along the edge. On the paradermal section, the outlines of the epidermal cells are rectilinearly rounded, the projection is polygonal. The cells of the adaxial epidermis are larger than the abaxial ones. Trichomes are absent.
The leaves are amphiphomatic. The stomata are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the sheet. The stomata form is oval and rounded. The mouth is most abundant on the abaxial side, less on the adaxial side. The stomata closing cells on both sides of the leaf are almost the same length. Stomach not immersed. The stomata type is an anomocytic (Figure 1

Stem
The stem base on the cross section is ribbed, beam-like structure. Primary bark is preserved throughout the rest of the growing season. The epidermis is single row, consists of oval cells, pubescent with simple single-cell hairs. The outer wall of the cells is significantly thickened. The primary cortex is 7 -8 rows, the cells of the 2 outer rows are small, almost round and oval. Loose collenchyma located under the epidermis in the ribs, consists of 7 -8 rows of cells. Chlorenchyma is represented by 3 -4 rows of parenchymal cells, which are located behind the collenchyme and between areas of the collenchyme (in the valley). In the central cylinder there are numerous separate conductive beams. Open bicollateral conductive beams, large and small. Xylem vessels are thick-walled, of various shapes and thickening of the walls of blood vessels spiral.
The core is extensive, represented by large rounded oval cells, among which there are hydrocytic cells. The core occupies most of the stem cross-section ( Figure 2). L.G. Muradyan [4] studied the microstructure of the seed of 10 species of the genus Jurinea Cass. (this. Asteraceae) and identified a number of common characteristics. A correlation of traits is in the structures of the pericarp and sperm.
U.N. Zhapakova, G.F. Begbaeva [5] studied the structure of fruits, seeds and leaf organs of the species Senecio subdentatus LDB (family Asteraceae) and identified various xeromorphic and halomorphic features and adaptive strategy of the species to the habitat.
Analysis of the literature data showed that S. marianum fruits have a high level of polymorphism in the color of the seed coat: from cream to bright brown or black shells [6].
Fruit: In cross section, a pericarp seed consists of several layers: the covering cuticle; heterogeneous epidermal layer of exocarpium, which from the base of the seed is represented by thick-walled weakly porous cells, and from the side of the cuticle turns into palisade-like elongated thick-walled cells; pigment layer-one row of thin-walled, loose cells; a layer of fibrous cells of the mesocarp, consisting of 1 -10 rows of cells; crumbled endocarp cells painted yellow or orange and containing calcium oxalate crystals (Figure 3).