Express Yourself or Stay Mystery? The Effect of Self-Disclosure on Entrepreneurial Identity of Team Members

The entrepreneurial identity of team members is vital to team stability and entrepreneurial success. How to improve the identity of team members is a significant issue for entrepreneurs to ponder. Combining literature analysis and empirical research, this paper discusses the following issues: 1) Whether the entrepreneur’s self-disclosure has a positive impact on the members’ entrepreneurial identity; 2) The internal mechanism of how entrepreneur’s self-disclosure affects the team members’ entrepreneurial identity. The results show that in the context of entrepreneurship in China, the self-disclosure of entrepreneurs can promote the entrepreneurial identity of the team members, and the entrepreneurial passion mediates the relationship between them.


Introduction
Entrepreneurship is like "thousands of horses crossing a single bridge", and only a few can survive and develop in the fierce competition. In this process, the entrepreneur's personal abilities are often limited, and entrepreneurial success depends largely on the team's success [1]. Numerous studies have shown that entrepreneurial identity is the soul of a successful entrepreneurial team [2]. A high level of entrepreneurial identity is critical to the coordination and cooperation of the entrepreneurial team. As the leader of the entrepreneurial team, it is very necessary for the entrepreneur to enhance the entrepreneurial identity of the team members in order to maximize the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial

team.
A high level of entrepreneurial identity must be based on adequate and effective communication and information sharing [3]. Psychologists claimed that self-disclosure is an important way to communicate and maintain interpersonal relationships. Social Penetration Theory also put forward that self-disclosure is the core of relationship development. The depth and breadth of self-disclosure directly affect the strength and quality of inter-individual relationships. Therefore, in the context of entrepreneurship, self-disclosure does promote relationships and deepen communication between members. Since entrepreneurial teams are confronted with more complex environments and greater risks than ordinary teams, how to increase the entrepreneurial identity of team members through self-disclosure is particularly important for entrepreneurs in the Chinese context where "relationship" means a lot.
However, the self-disclosure of entrepreneurs is not always a good thing. Positive self-disclosure, while enhancing the cohesiveness of team members, will also weaken the sense of distance between superiors and subordinates, thus causing inconvenience to team management; while negative self-disclosure will release the pressure of entrepreneurs themselves, the negative emotions can also "infect" team members [4], which undermines the team members' recognition of the entrepreneur's authority and professionalism. In view of this, how can entrepreneurs control the content and extent of self-disclosure in order to maximize entrepreneurial identity? Taking this question into account, this paper focuses on the intrinsic mechanism between entrepreneurs' self-disclosure and entrepreneurial identity of team members, and it aims to explore that how does the content and degree of entrepreneurs' self-disclosure affect the active follow-up of entrepreneurial team members and give some useful inspiration to entrepreneurial teams.
The process of conducting this paper began first with reviewing and analyzing the related literature, theories and relevant concepts constructs. Then we investigated the relationships between them, which developed the research hypotheses and ultimately led to the formation of the research conceptual model. The second section solves with the research methodology. By taking all factors into consideration, we select and determine the most suitable measurement model and reviews were indicative of the reliability and validity of the measurements.
The third section refers to a report and discussion of the results from the analysis of the structural model and the hypotheses tests.

Self-Disclosure and Entrepreneurial Identity
Self-disclosure means that individuals volunteered to share information about their feelings, thoughts, attitudes, emotions and experiences to others [5], and the content contained in self-disclosed information that can help others have a more comprehensive understanding to things they did not know before, then  [6]. Among them, descriptive self-disclosure is to share objective information with others. In the context of entrepreneurship, the descriptive self-disclosure of entrepreneurs mainly includes the sharing of objective entrepreneurial information, such as entrepreneurial fund status, family relationship, work experience, etc. While evaluative self-disclosure refers to sharing subjective emotions or preferences with others, such as self-evaluation and inner feelings of entrepreneurs. Emotional disclosure is a typical evaluative self-disclosure. Entrepreneurial identity refers to the recognition of entrepreneurial team members on the role of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial career [7]. To be specific, entrepreneurial identity is generally reflected in trusting the personality and leadership of entrepreneurs and recognizing the value of their entrepreneurial undertakings, so as to continuously and faithfully follow entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial teams with high-level entrepreneurial identity are more likely to "pull together". From the perspective of the Information Theory, in the process of information communication, entrepreneurs strengthen information communication and eliminate doubts of team members through the expression of language, emotion, posture, gesture and facial expression in self-disclosure, and then promote the team members' recognition of entrepreneurs.
In essence, self-disclosure is an information exchange activity. Self-disclosure allows information to be shared and improves team members' cognitive consistency. According to the Social Penetration Theory, in a conversation, when A conveys the message, B will give feedback and then form a two-way information interaction [8]. The process of self-disclosure is accompanied by a sense of attraction and identity. When people share their information with others, others will be attracted and rewarded by means of feedback. It can be seen that the entrepreneur's proper self-disclosure can not only gain the recognition of team members, but also relieve the pressure of entrepreneurs in the process of starting a business. Psychologists argued that identity is a process of internalization of emotions. In interpersonal interactions, individuals are affected by the others' emotion. This two-way influence belongs to identity [9]. Therefore, we suggest that entrepreneurial self-disclosure has a positive impact on the team members' entrepreneurial identity. Hypothesis 1: Entrepreneur's self-disclosure has a positive impact on team members' entrepreneurial identity. Hypothesis 1a: The descriptive self-disclosure of entrepreneurs has a positive impact on the entrepreneurial identity of team members. Hypothesis 1b: The evaluative self-disclosure of entrepreneurs has a positive impact on the entrepreneurial identity of team members.

Self-Disclosure and Entrepreneurial Passion
Entrepreneurial passion refers to the positive emotions that individuals expe-  [10]. The entrepreneurial passion involved in this paper refers to the perception of the entrepreneurial team members' passion for entrepreneurs, that is, the entrepreneurial passion of entrepreneurs is evaluated from the perspective of employees. Based on the Emotional Contagion Theory, Breugst (2012) analyzed the impact of entrepreneurial passion on employees, and found that the entrepreneurial enthusiasm perceived by employees comes from the common goal and value sharing by managers.
Some studies have found entrepreneurial passion is the positive emotion generated by individual entrepreneurial behavior (such as using more innovative ideas to cope with various challenges) [11], and there are also some studies explored how this positive emotion acts on the cognition of other stakeholders (such as entrepreneurial team members) [12]. Based on the Grounded Theory Method, Yitshaki and Kropp (2016) investigated the life stories of 45 high-tech entrepreneurial teams and found that the entrepreneurial enthusiasm perceived by employees and the information sharing by managers is an iterative cyclical process, and information sharing and passion are interacting and increasing constantly [13].
In general, the sharing of information such as managerial goals and values is achieved through self-disclosure. On the one hand, entrepreneurs give access to team members having a more comprehensive understanding of the objective entrepreneurial environment through descriptive disclosure, this information will affect the team members' overall perception and evaluation of entrepreneurs; On the other hand, evaluative disclosure is a kind of emotional expression. During the entrepreneurial process, entrepreneurs will show their emotions, such as excitement, fear, anxiety, etc., to their subordinates. It has been found that entrepreneurial team members can feel the entrepreneurial passion through the emotions and actions of entrepreneurs. This passion represents the entrepreneur's confidence and commitment to the company, and also reflects the entrepreneur's status and the current situation of enterprise management to a certain extent [14]. It can be inferred that the self-disclosure of entrepreneurs may do good to enhance the perception of team members' passion for entrepreneurs.
Hypothesis 2: Entrepreneur's self-disclosure has a positive impact on the perception of team members on entrepreneurial passion. Hypothesis 2a: The descriptive self-disclosure of entrepreneurs has a positive impact on the perception of team members on entrepreneurial passion. Hypothesis 2b: The evaluative self-disclosure of entrepreneurs has a positive impact on the perception of team members on entrepreneurial passion.

Entrepreneurial Passion Acts as an Mediator
Previous studies have found that self-disclosure of entrepreneurs can stimulate the passion perception of team members and thus promote the entrepreneurial identity of team members [15]. The generation and enhancement of entrepre- neurial passion is one of the key ways for entrepreneurs' self-disclosure to promote the formation of entrepreneurial identity of team members. Entrepreneurs' self-disclosure helps team members form the sense of responsibility of "starting a business for themselves, and such entrepreneurial atmosphere is conducive to the formation of entrepreneurial identity of team members. Behavioral psychologists found that when entrepreneurs show their ability to conduct business activities under a good business environment, team members will quickly infected by the entrepreneurial passion, and then more willing to put its own resources and energy in entrepreneurial activity. As time goes by, there will be a sense of identity with the brainstorming of entrepreneurial activities [16]. As a consequence, with the infection of entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurs' self-disclosure will promote the creation of team members' entrepreneurial identity.
Entrepreneur self-disclosure promotes the identity of entrepreneurial team members to entrepreneurs, and entrepreneurial passion plays an important role in this process. On the one hand, entrepreneurs' passion for entrepreneurship can be influenced by the individual's cognitive structure through the disclosure of their knowledge, skills and resources [16]. In other words, through descriptive disclosure, entrepreneurs are very likely to improve the evaluation of entrepreneurs by team members, and then enhance their confidence to entrepreneurial success, strengthen the team members' perception of entrepreneurial passion, and obtain the entrepreneurial identity of team members. On the other hand, evaluative expressions are mostly emotional expressions.
Emotional Contagion Theory holds that emotions are contagious. In the entrepreneurial context, entrepreneurs, as the main source of information, are more likely to infect other members of the team with their emotions and influence their sense of identity through information transmission [17]. Entrepreneur's evaluative self-disclosure can better promote team members' perception of entrepreneurial passion. In turn, team members are willing to support the entrepreneur's philosophy and recognize the company's values. These are the prerequisites for the formation of entrepreneurial identity. Studies have found that entrepreneurial passion plays an important role in promoting entrepreneurial identity. The more passion the team members perceive, the stronger the entrepreneurial identity will be [18]. As a result, through the display of objective information or emotions, the entrepreneurial passion of entrepreneurs can be intuitively perceived by team members, so as to enhance the team members' recognition of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial career. Hypothesis 3: Team members' perception of entrepreneurs' passion acts as an mediator in the relationship between self-disclosure of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial identity of team members.
Hypothesis 3a: Team members' perception of entrepreneurs' passion acts as an mediator in the relationship between entrepreneurs' descriptive disclosure and entrepreneurial identity of team members.
Hypothesis 3b: Team members' perception of entrepreneurs' passion acts as an mediator in the relationship between entrepreneurs' evaluative disclosure and entrepreneurial identity of team members.
The theoretical model of this paper is shown in Figure 1.
This paper collects data through questionnaires, and uses SPSS19.0 to verify the hypothesis proposed above by multiple linear regression methods. Among them, the test of mediating effect not only adopts multiple linear regression, but also uses Bootstrap method to further verify.

Participants and Procedures
Based on the research of Miller and Steier [19], this paper focuses on the entrepreneurial enterprises in the context of China. Since the research objects in this paper are new ventures, we select a small enterprise with 5 to 50 people as a sample. In addition, Shanghai is located in the south and Henan in the north of China. The selection of the two is well represented. Besides, Shanghai, as a typical international city, has hundreds of entrepreneurial parks, while Henan doesn't have so many start-ups, but the number is growing fast in recent years.
As a consequence, the sample resources of both areas are easy to obtain. To make a combination of representation and availability, we collected data from the start-up teams of 5 to 50 people in Shanghai and Henan Province by visiting entrepreneurial teams. And the purpose of this study is to explore the influence mechanism of entrepreneurs' self-disclosure on team members' entrepreneurial identity, this study adopts a sample survey method rather than a comprehensive

Measures
The variables involved in this study include self-disclosure, entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial identity. To ensure that the questionnaire has high content validity, all scales we used are developed maturity scales. For the English scale, we translated particular questions back and forth with purpose to ensure the adaptability of the accuracy of the information.
Self-disclosure. The scale developed by Jourard (1971) was used for reference [20]. The scale is divided into two dimensions, descriptive disclosure and evaluative disclosure. In particular, the descriptive disclosure includes 9 items such as "the company's profitability, while evaluation disclosures include 3 items such as "the boss feels pressured during the operation of the company". Respondents were instructed to rate their perception on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = hardly speak to 5 = strongly agree. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient in this study was 0.93 Entrepreneurial passion. To measure participants' perceived entrepreneurial passion, we used the scale prepared by Cardon [21]. Including 5 items such as "the boss manage our companies with a positive attitude". Responses ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). In this investigation, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.943.
Entrepreneurial identity. For the entrepreneurial identity, we refer to the scale developed by Kasperova and Kitching [22]. It includes team members' recognition of entrepreneurs and their recognition of start-ups. For instance, there are 7 items such as "I'm proud to work for the company", "our boss is a good leader", and they were rated from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.906.
Control variables. In order to reveal the relationship between self-disclosure more clearly, entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial identity, this study controls some important variables, including the gender of entrepreneurs (1 = male, 2 = female), age, education level (1 = High school, 2 = Junior college, 3 = Undergraduate, 4 = Graduate and above) and enterprise scale.

Reliability and Validity
The reliability of the questionnaire was investigated by using both the homo- Secondly, as shown in Table 1, the data also shows that the factor load of most items is greater than 0.7, the minimum factor load is 0.653, and the KMO of each scale is greater than 0.7, indicating that the variable aggregation efficiency is better. In addition, the AVE square and CR combined reliability values of each variable are also basically greater than the correlation coefficient, thus，the variable discriminant validity is good. In conclusion, the analyze reveals that this model has a clear structure and significant importance, and has good aggregation validity and distinction validity.

Correlation Analyses
The descriptive statistics and correlations among gender, age, education, firm size, self-disclosure, descriptive disclosure, evaluative disclosure, entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial identity are presented in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, except that descriptive disclosure has no significant correlation with entrepreneurial identity (r = 0.123, p > 0.05), self-disclosure is positively correlated with entrepreneurial passion (r = 0.247, p < 0.01) and entrepreneurial identity (r = 0.136, p < 0.01). In addition, entrepreneurial passion is also positively correlated with entrepreneurial identity (r = 0.545, p < 0.01), which provides initial support for most hypotheses in this paper and indicates that our research is in the right direction.

Regression Analyses
This study used hierarchical regression analysis (Hox, 2010) [23] to verify the above assumptions. The results of the analysis are shown in Table 3.
Main effect test. Model 5 is a regression model of control variables for entrepreneurial identity. On this basis, model 6, model 7 and model 8 are obtained by adding independent variables, self-disclosure, descriptive disclosure and evaluative disclosure. From model 6, it can be seen that self-disclosure has a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial identity (β = 0.143, p < 0.05), which supports Table 2. Mean, SD and correlation coefficients, AVE and CR values.  Note: N = 216, ***p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, diagonal brackets are the square root of AVE, "-" means not suitable for analysis. Sex:1 = male, 2 = female,Education:1 = High school, 2 = Junior college, 3 = Undergraduate, 4 = Graduate and above. SD = Self-disclosure, DS = Descriptive Self-disclosure, ES = Evaluative Self-disclosure, EP = Entrepreneurial Passion.  Intermediary effect test. Since the main effect of descriptive disclosure on entrepreneurial identity is not significant, it can be inferred without verification that Hypothesis 3a is invalid. In this study, we use the method of verifying mediation proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) [24] to investigate the mediating effect of entrepreneurial passion in self-disclosure, evaluative disclosure and entrepreneurial identity. According to Model 2, entrepreneurial passion is positively correlated with self-disclosure (β = 0.257, p < 0.001). As Model 4 shows, (β = 0.531, p < 0.001), and the influence coefficient between self-disclosure and entrepreneurial identity decreased from 0.173 (p < 0.05) to 0.025 (p > 0.05), indicating that entrepreneurial passion plays a full mediating role between evaluative self-disclosure and entrepreneurial identity.
In order to further examine the mediating role of entrepreneurial passion, the Process plug-in developed by Hayes (2004) [25] was used to test the significance of the mediating effect. Firstly, we test the mediation effect by the path of "self-disclosure→ entrepreneurial passion→ entrepreneurial identity". The Bootstrap random sampling is set to 5000 times, and the Model 4 is selected. The result shows that the indirect effect value of entrepreneurial passion is 0.1376, and the 95% confidence interval range is [0.0624, 0.2342], excluding zero, which indicates that the entrepreneurial passion has a significant intermediary role between self-disclosure and entrepreneurial identity, and hypothesis 3 is supported. In the same way, the mediation effect test by the path of "evaluative disclosure → entrepreneurial passion → entrepreneurial identity" shows that the indirect effect value of entrepreneurial passion is 0.1476, and the 95% confidence interval range is [0.0687, 0.2487], excluding zero, indicating that the mediating role of entrepreneurial passion between evaluative self-disclosure and entrepreneurial identity is significant, and Hypothesis 3b is verified successfully.

Conclusion
This paper studies the influence mechanism of entrepreneurs' self-disclosure on the entrepreneurial identity of corporate team members, and draws the following conclusions. Firstly, entrepreneur's self-disclosure and evaluative self-disclosure have a significant positive impact on the entrepreneurial identity of corporate team members, while the descriptive self-disclosure of the entrepreneur has no significant positive impact on the entrepreneurial identity of the corporate team members. Secondly, entrepreneurial self-disclosure, descriptive self-disclosure and evaluative self-disclosure can positively influence team members' perception of entrepreneurial passion. Finally, team members' perception of entrepreneurial passion plays a significant intermediary role in the relationship between entrepreneur's self-disclosure, evaluative self-disclosure and team members' entrepreneurial identity, but the entrepreneur's descriptive self-disclosure does not.

Discussion
Based on the Social Penetration Theory and the Emotional Infection Theory, this paper explains the influence mechanism of different types of self-disclosure on entrepreneurial identity by introducing entrepreneurial passion perception from the perspective of entrepreneurs' self-disclosure. The specific research results are as follows. Therefore, entrepreneurs should not only express their entrepreneurial planning and vision to team members, but also invest abundance of emotions, and expose their energy and emotions to team members so that they can feel their entrepreneurial passion in all aspects. This perception of the entrepreneur's passion can evoke the collective memory of the entrepreneurial team, strengthen the team members' entrepreneurial identity, as well as enhance their willingness to follow, and more importantly, promote their participation and commitment to the entrepreneurial activities.

Contribution
In existing academic researches on entrepreneurial identity, many scholars only focus on to the influence of entrepreneurial resources on entrepreneurial identity of team members, that is, they pay more attention to descriptive factors such as knowledge, skills and capital of entrepreneurs. However, this paper finds that Chinese entrepreneurial teams attach more importance to emotional factors. In addition to some descriptive factors, emotional disclosure of entrepreneurs is more critical to identity. This result reveals that in the entrepreneurial environ-Y. Duan et al.
ment of China, the establishment of entrepreneurial teams is not only a combination of pure interests, but also a connection of emotions. In addition, previous studies have mainly used qualitative methods for research without exploring specific impact mechanism. This study adopts a quantitative method to clarify the influence mechanism of entrepreneurs' self-disclosure on team members' entrepreneurial identity, and enriches the research on entrepreneurial identity theory and self-disclosure.
Hence, the enlightenment of this study on entrepreneurial management practice mainly includes the following two aspects. First, entrepreneurs should conduct more emotional self-disclosure evaluation, so as to promote the emotional entrepreneurial identity of entrepreneurial team members, and then promote entrepreneurial success. For example, at the beginning of the establishment of the entrepreneurial team, because the team members have not yet formed a specific impression of the entrepreneur, entrepreneurs can obtain a good first impression by frequent self-disclosure. However, entrepreneurs should not only increase knowledge disclosure, skill disclosure and fund disclosure to effectively maintain the integrity of the entrepreneurial team, but more importantly, entrepreneurs should express their feelings in different situations and their own evaluations and other emotional information. It is revealed to the team members to gain the recognition of the team members and establish a supportive and efficient team atmosphere. In this way, the company is more likely to get a sustainable development. Second, entrepreneurs should fully realize the importance of their entrepreneurial passion for enterprise development. Emotion is an important entrepreneurial resource [18], as well as one of the important channels for entrepreneurs to obtain resources is to reasonably handle and make full use of the power of emotion. Specific to entrepreneurs, first of all, it is helpful to actively participate in social activities related to entrepreneurship, consciously cultivate innovative thinking and risk awareness, and continue to produce a happy emotional experience, so that entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial passion always maintains a high level. Secondly, it is vital to entrepreneurs to build an efficient emotional contagion mechanism, so that the entrepreneur's passion can be effectively transmitted to the team members of the company. In this regard, the team members can feel the passion of the entrepreneur through the road show, entrepreneurship financing announcement, new product release and other activities, and then it is natural for entrepreneur to consolidate the identity of the team members.

Limitations and Future Research
This study explores the influence mechanism between self-disclosure of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial identity of team members, providing some enlightenment for future theoretical research and entrepreneurial management practice, but there are still some limitations.
One of the limitations is about the sample size and participants. In this study, 216 valid questionnaires were finally collected, and most of the sample data were from entrepreneurial teams in Shanghai and Henan province. Therefore, the sample size was insufficient and the data had regional characteristics. As far as I am concerned, future research can expand the sample size and conduct extensive investigation and research in more regions to improve the universality of sample data and the applicability of the final theoretical model.
The other limitation is about the single level of research. In this paper, independent variables, dependent variables and mediating variables were all researched at the individual level. In the future, cross-level research methods can be considered to conduct in similar empirical research and test on entrepreneurial identity as an organizational variable from both organizational and individual levels, so as to develop a more considerable theoretical model.