Numerical Analysis and Experimental Verification of Ti / APC-2 / Kevlar Hybrid Composite Laminates Due to Low-Velocity Impact

The mechanical properties of Ti/APC-2/Kevlar/epoxy hybrid composite laminates after low velocity impact were investigated at room temperature. There were three types of samples, including three layered [Ti/(0/90)s/Ti], five layered [Ti/(0/90)2/ Ti ]s and nine layered [Ti/Kevlar/Ti/(0/90)2/ Ti ]s. The lay-ups of APC-2 were cross-ply, while Ti layers were treated by chromic acid anodic method. Ti and APC-2 were stacked to fabricate the composite laminates via hot press curing process. Kevlar layers were added to fabricate nine-layered composite laminates via vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. The drop-weight tests were conducted with a hemispherical nosed projectile in 10 mm diameter. The impact loads were 5 kg and 10 kg and impact heights were adjusted to penetrate samples or the maximum height 1.50 m. The static tensile tests were conducted to measure the residual mechanical properties after impact. The free body drop tests were also simulated by using finite element method and software ANSYS LS-DYNA3D. The results showed that the bottom Ti layer absorbed more internal energy than the top Ti layer, then the cracks were found in the bottom Ti layer more often. The ultimate tensile strength reduced significantly after impact. The initial longitudinal compliance increased with the impact height increasing and decreased after the samples penetrated. Comparing the experimental data with the numerical results, it was found that the damage of the latter was more serious than that of the former. On the conservative side, the results of numerical simulation are acceptable and adopted for applications when no testing data available.


Introduction
Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are hybrid composite structures constructed from thin sheets of metal alloys and plies of fiber-reinforced polymeric materials.The first FMLs, called aramid-reinforced aluminum laminates (ARALLs), were introduced in 1978 at the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands [1].In 1990, an improved type of ARALL called glass laminate aluminum reinforced epoxy (GLARE), or ARALL with glass fibers, was successfully developed [2].Furthermore, Lin et al. [3] developed carbon-reinforced aluminum laminates, which contain carbon fibers (CFs) rather than aramid fibers.FMLs have the advantages of metal alloys and fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites.Castrodeza et al. [4] demonstrated that GLARE and ARALL possess superior fracture toughness and crack tolerance to those of their constituent alloys.Vlot [5] [6] investigated GLARE and ARALL, finding that the impact resistance of FMLs was superior to that of the studied FRPs.Gunnink [7] showed that ARALL retains excellent durability even after very long exposure to highly aggressive environments.Additionally, FMLs containing various types of metal alloys and FRPs have been developed by researchers for wider applications.Khalili et al. [8] studied the mechanical properties of steel-aluminum-FRP laminates.Furthermore, Zhou et al. [9] investigated the tensile behavior of Kevlar fiber-reinforced aluminum laminates.Jen et al. developed magnesium/CF/PEEK nanocomposite laminates [10] as well as titanium (Ti)/CF/PEEK nanocomposite laminates [11] and obtained their mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.
Owing to the brittleness of thermosetting matrix resulted by cross-linking, the epoxy resins and epoxy-based fiber composites are susceptible to impact damage.Thermoplastics, having greater toughness, are considered to be potential for alleviating this problem [12].Although damage inflicted by low-velocity impact appears quite complicated, the major failure modes include only matrix cracking, delamination, and fiber breakage [13].The delamination mode of failure is induced by matrix cracks which occur prior to other failure modes.Thus, the suppression of matrix cracking will suppress delamination.It is conceivable that the use of tougher matrices will yield composites that are more resistant to impact damage.
Except for the degree of damage, the plate specimens did not differ from beam specimens in failure modes or impact tolerance properties [14], i.e., no plate size effect.The post impact load-carrying capability of a composite laminate is of prime concern to the design engineer.After a tool-drop type accident where no damage is visible from the surface, the structure is still expected to carry the full spectrum of loading.However, it may be wrong of overestimation.In all cases the residual strength decreased as the impact velocity increased.From the results [15] the tough matrix composites may provide excellent impact resistance properties at low-impact velocities.However, beyond a certain threshold velocity, i.e., Anodic method is a commonly used surface treatment, however, the bonding capability of polymer composites to titanium thin plates is still a problem.In order to improve the interfacial bonding capability, Ramani et al. [16] found the chromic acid anodic method was excellent.Chromic acid anodic oxidation produced an oxide layer of thickness 40 -80 nm for the 5 V and 10 V treatments [17].In recent years, inorganic nanoparticles filled polymer composites have attracted attention because the filler/matrix interface in these composites might constitute a great area and influence the properties of composites at rather low filler concentration [18].
Based on above-mentioned statements, the Ti/APC-2 FLMs were fabricated to investigate their resistance to impact loads by semi-sphere bullet head, measure residual mechanical properties and compare the data with the results of numerical simulation by using ANSYS software LS DYNA-3D.
After a series of tests, the surface treatment by chromic acid anodic method of electro-plating was found better as demonstrated by the results of tensile tests.
The anodic oxide coating film was observed uniform by Scanning Electron Microscope, and the composition of coating consisting of TiO 2 by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy.

Numerical Analysis
In simulation the same sample geometry, dimensions and materials as fabricated DOI: 10.4236/msa.2018.9130791085 Materials Sciences and Applications were adopted such as [Ti/(0/90) s /Ti], [Ti (0/90) 2 / Ti ] s and [Ti/Kevlar/Ti/(0/90) 2 / Ti ] s three hybrid composite laminates.The finite element analysis and ANSYS/LS-DYNA 3D software were used to simulate the impact whole process starting from the contact and penetration of top layer step by step down to the full penetration of bottom layer with the zero velocity left.Due to the symmetry only one quarter of a sample was considered.The 3D Solid 164 elements with eight nodes and nine degrees of freedom for each node were used to construct the model.The bullet was a semispherical nosed projectile of 10 mm diameters.
The assumed boundary conditions were that no displacement along the symmetry edges, totally constrained for other two free edges and a plastic cushion placed at the bottom of laminate to avoid rebounce.The failure criterion was based on the value of principal strain.Herein, the failure values of principal strains were 0.0088 for 90˚ Carbon fibers, 0.189 for Ti alloy and 0.08 for Kevlar fibers, respectively.
Based on the received results as valuable references we setup impact instruments for the impact tests and compared the experimental data and failure mechanisms with the numerical results for comparison.

Experimental Work
The free drop impact testing systems were self-constructed as shown in Figure 1.
The impactors with a semi-spherical nosed projectile were 5 kg and 10 kg of tests after the free drop impact.Then, the impacted samples were due to tensile tests to obtain their mechanical properties.

Results
The numerical simulation results of velocity, impact energy, height and failure mechanisms of [Ti/(0/90) s /Ti] s three-layered laminates were listed in Table 1.
The data of three-layered laminates due to 5 kg free drop tests were listed in Ti ] s five-layered laminates subjected to 5 kg free drop were tabulated in   and due to 10 kg free drop were listed in Table 4, respectively.The results and data of [Ti/Kev/Ti(0/90) 2 / Ti ] s nine-layered laminates due to 10 kg free drop were tabulated in Table 5.
The simulation picture of 5 kg free drop at different height impacted onto the five-layered laminates was shown in Figure 2. The pictures of impact damage due to 5 kg free drop at height 1.5 m onto five-layered laminates were shown in Figure 3 for example.The relationships of load and initial compliance vs. the height of free drop were plotted in Figure 4 for example.

Discussion
The numerical simulation by LS DYNA-3D software and finite element method DOI: 10.4236/msa.2018.9130791091 Materials Sciences and Applications was adopted first to obtain the results as valuable information and references for the next step impact tests.Inversely, the test data provided an important contrast in comparison with the numerical results.It was also found that the used software simulation was acceptably feasible without the impact tests because the results were more serious damage than those of test data.Thus, the numerical results can be used on the conservation side in case of testing data not available.
Due to the limited space of our lab the free drop impact tests were adopted alternatively.As can be seen in Tables 1-5 the real heights of free drop were much higher than those of predicted heights by simulation.It was mainly attributed to the friction in free drop of the testing system.From the impactor drop weight and height associated with measured time of starting impact we calculated the velocity of impact for numerical simulation.To keep the same impact energy acting on the samples the heights adjusted and elevated were necessarily needed.
All the three types of samples after free drop impact tests were subjected to tensile tests and the depression pictures were illustrated in Figure 5.The general trend was that the applied loads decreased with the increasing height, however, the initial compliances of damage samples increased with the increasing height inversely.It is obvious that the impact energy is in proportion to the height of fall as can be seen in Figure 5.However, the depression does not follow the linear trend.It is mainly owing to the large plastic deformation of Ti sheets caused by impact load, because of little plastic deformation in APC-2 layups.However, in numerical analysis the plastic deformation in Ti sheets was ignored to avoid the complicated nonlinear behavior of simulation.

Conclusion
Three types of Ti/APC-2 hybrid composite laminates were fabricated.The numerical simulation by using ANSYS LS DYNA-3D software and finite element method was completed to provide the reference information for free drop impact tests and verification by the impact data and failure mechanisms.The equipments of free drop tests were self set up.After all the impact tests the damage samples were subjected to tensile tests to obtain their residual mechanical properties such as the capabilities of loads and compliances.The work can be concluded that in the consideration of friction the height of free drop should be elevated to meet the requirement of equal impact energy in both testing and simulation.The numerical results were more serious damage than those of test data.Thus, the adopted numerical simulation was well acceptable on the conservative side.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The free drop impact testing system.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The photos of impact damage on five-layered laminates due to 5 kg free drop at 1.5 m high (a) side view (b) top view (c) bottom view.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The empirical results of load, initial longitudinal compliance and drop height of free drop tests for (a) three-layered samples due to 5 kg (b) three-layered samples due to 10 kg (c) five-layered samples due to 5 kg (d) five-layered samples due to 10 kg (e) nine-layered samples due to 10 kg.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The empirical results of depression, energy and drop height of free drop tests for (a) three-layered samples due to 5 kg (b) three-layered samples due to 10 kg (c) five-layered samples due to 5 kg (d) five-layered samples due to 10 kg (e) nine-layered samples due to 10 kg.

Table 1
for contrast.The numerical results and the data due to 10 kg free drop tests were listed in Table2together.The numerical results and test data of [Ti/(0/90) 2 /

Table 3 Table 1 .
The numerical results and impact damage mechanisms of three-layered samples due to 5 kg free drop tests.

Table 2 .
The numerical results and impact damage mechanisms of three-layered samples due to 10 kg free drop tests.

Table 3 .
The numerical results and impact damage mechanisms of five-layered samples due to 5 kg free drop tests.: 1 st denotes the first layer; 2 nd denotes the second layer; 3 rd denotes the third layer; d: depressed; f: fractured; p: penetration; APC-2: APC-2 laminates; Ti: Ti sheet; -: not available. Notes

Table 4 .
The numerical results and impact damage mechanisms of five-layered samples due to 10 kg free drop tests.